Coming of Age Story free essay sample

Jane Eyre, is a story about growing up, about a youthful, stranded, and compliant young lady growing up, through numerous difficulties, into a youthful, energetic, and free willed lady. Charlotte Bronte starts the story with a ten-year-old Jane Eyre living with a fair-minded and here and there unfeeling auntie, Aunt Reed. Auntie Reed, in the wake of dismissing Jane for a mind-blowing entire, at long last chooses to send her away to life experience school, to Lowood School. Upon her takeoff, Jane communicates a proportion of self-governance and office, the first of numerous scenes wherein she â€Å"gathered her energies and propelled them in this dull sentence †‘I am not beguiling; on the off chance that I were, I should state I cherished you; however I pronounce I don't adore you† (pg. 30). Here Jane, subsequent to living such a significant number of years peacefully, settles on a decision to go to bat for herself, by letting Mrs. Reed know her actual sentiments about how she has been dealt with so far; she is in a condition of self-overseeing. Jane Eyre keeps on battling for self-governance and organization †through her takeoff from Lowood to Thornfield, in her developing relationship with Mr. Rochester, and afterward through her choice to abandon Thornfield and Mr. Rochester, lastly to return †as she develops, and advances from a kid into a lady. Whenever Jane practices self-governance and organization, she is eighteen, and yearning to see something of the world other than Lowood. â€Å"I went to my window, opened it, and watched out [†¦] all inside their limit of rock and heath appeared jail ground, banish limits. I followed the white street winding [†¦] how I yearned to tail it further† (72). Jane has now gone through eight years in this school (jail), by and by functioning as an educator, and is frantic for a change. She realizes that her absence of fortune and social class debilitate her choices; thus she arrives at the resolution that she should take up another position somewhere else. As she glances out her window upon the now unsatisfactory Lowood she cries â€Å"then [†¦] award me in any event another servitude† (72). The term â€Å"servitude† implies a condition wherein one needs freedom to decide one’s own game-plan. Jane feels just as she is caught and needs gravely to have the option to control her own fate, so she starts to think about a path around this snag. That condition of self-overseeing has returned. She at that point keeps on prevailing upon her unrestrained choice, â€Å"I have served here eight years; presently all I need is to serve somewhere else. Can I not get such my very own large amount will? Isn't the thing achievable? Yesâ€yes† (73). Is it â€Å"feasible†, conceivable, for Jane to acquire control of her own fate? Jane before long shows self-sufficiency and office when she demonstrates that it is â€Å"feasible†, by placing an advertisement in the neighborhood paper and tolerating another situation at Thornfield Hall. She needed something, and afterward communicated independence and organization by finding a way to get it. Jane has taken this new understanding, she can discover approaches to control a mind-blowing result, into her future at Thornfield Hall. The primary portion of her life has been to some degree dreary and infertile, however as she subsides into her new life at Thornfield, Jane starts to stop by some satisfaction as she shapes a relationship with Mr. Rochester, her manager. Their relationship develops through a progression of discussions, and Mr. Rochester plays mind games to draw out Jane’s affections for him. In the long run Jane can't hold in her interests any more, and shouts, â€Å"Do you think, since I am poor, dark, plain, and little, I am cruel and inhumane? †¦] I have as much soul as you,â€and full as much heart [†¦] similarly as though both had gone through the grave, and remained at God’s feet, equal,â€as we are† (216). In this section she communicates another scene of self-governance and organization as she worries to Mr. Rochester that however they may not be â€Å"equal† in economic wellbeing, they are â€Å"equal† in thought and sentiments. â€Å"Equal† is a term set apart by equity, trustworthiness, and predisposition, and something that everybody is qualified for. Jane Eyre is letting Mr. Rochester realize that she is qualified for be upbeat, and that she discovers her bliss in him. Upon this outcry, and her valor to communicate her slants, Jane and Rochester get ready for marriage, and Jane, by and by, gets what she needs by having made a move. Jane’s comfort at Thornfield and with Rochester and her rising degree of development begin to bring out increasingly visit scenes of independence and office, easily. The following scene ascends inside a couple of days of the last, when Jane endeavors to keep up her character with Rochester. Mr. Rochester needs to dress her in new garments and Jewelry, â€Å"I will cause the world to recognize you a delight too [†¦] Jane in glossy silk and lace,† he says (221). In answer, Jane says, â€Å"And then you won’t know me, sir; and I will not be your Jane Eyre any longer† (221). Prior in the novel Jane had no other choice however to be a tutor, thus to better her circumstance she decided to locate another area, other than Lowood, for her â€Å"servitude†, and wound up at Thornfield, where she has eventually become hopelessly enamored with Mr. Rochester. Incidentally Jane is currently in a position where she has the ability to get anything she needs, however she needs nothing, yet to act naturally. Self-rule and office are obvious in her choice to not change; Jane appears to know who she is †an indication of development. â€Å"I will act naturally. Mr. Rochester, you should neither expect nor precise anything heavenly of me †for you won't get it† (221). Jane won't have anybody hold desires or â€Å"exact†, to call for coercively, to change her character. Mr. Rochester became hopelessly enamored with Jane Eyre the tutor thus that is who he will get. Since Jane has framed her personality, and is so unequivocally against changing it, she had to communicate self-governance and organization once more, when she was committed to leave Mr. Rochester. Jane couldn't wed him since he was at that point wedded to another lady; and when inquired as to whether she would live as a kept lady with him, she answered, â€Å"Mr. Rochester I won't be yours† (269); and when he says, â€Å"It would not be mischievous to cherish me,† she says, â€Å"It would to obey you† (269). The word â€Å"obey† is solid in this section; to â€Å"obey†, to consent to what Mr. Rochester proposed would be against her ethical principles, and the regard she has for herself. Self-sufficiency and organization is to â€Å"obey† oneself. Jane is turning out to be increasingly more characterized as a lady; she has set certain measures for herself, of how she would be treated by others, how she would treat herself, and good freedom and over and again sticks to them. She is indeed in a state self-overseeing, and attempting to protect her trustworthiness, a displaying of independence and organization. What's more, when Rochester asks, â€Å"Who on the planet thinks about you? † she answers, â€Å"I care for myself† (270). Jane leaves and gets herself, again, involved with another man, however of an alternate kind. Her next scene of independence and organization comes to fruition, when she asserts her situation in the relationship as of companions, sibling and sister, instead of accomplices, a couple. St. John, the man who has helped truly and monetarily salvage her, and in doing as such, become her old buddy, requests her turn in marriage out of common sense, not love. Having love in a relationship is one of those norms Jane over and again sticks to; she is companions with St. John, thus she cherishes him, however she isn't infatuated with him, thus in this manner her self-rule and office won't permit her to wed him. She lets him know, â€Å"I will be your minister, in the event that you like, however never your wife† (352). She announces she will be a companion and a â€Å"curate†, ministry associate, yet never his better half, since she doesn't adore him in some other manner. God didn't give me my life to discard; and to do as you wish me would, I start to believe, be practically proportionate to submitting suicide† (352). Jane is practicing her ethical autonomy and choice †self-governance and office; and to not do as such, to her, eventual identical to being dead. With this disclosure, Jane understands that she would discard her life no more and, sets out to return to Rochester. â€Å"I parted from St. John [†¦] It was my opportunity to expect authority. My forces were in play, and in power [†¦] I wanted him (St. John) to leave me. He obeyed without a moment's delay. Where there is vitality to order all around ok, dutifulness never fails† (358). Notice the term â€Å"obey† and â€Å"obedience† once more; Jane battles to just â€Å"obey† her own law †she is ace of herself; and as a result of her assuredness, she can request the â€Å"obedience† of others. The words â€Å"my† are stressed to underline this strengthening. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane has truly evolved as a character and individual, and is currently a self-overseeing lady, as opposed to an accommodating youngster that is simply put aside just as she were an item instead of a person; and this level of womanhood has not occurred without a battle. Jane Eyre’s scenes of self-rule and office were a fight for her to pick up and characterize her personality and to have the certainty to stand up for herself and her choices. They have worked connected at the hip with her transitioning and developing development level; as she figured out how to communicate all the more completely she developed, and as she developed she thought that it was simpler to communicate all the more completely. This has brought about balanced, total, and glad lady. She needed to wind up before returning to Rochester. The possibility that one must know themselves before effectively being in a close connection with someone else is a declaration of self-rule and office, since one must be capable

HUNT Surname Meaning and Origin

Chase Surname Meaning and Origin As it sounds, the Hunt family name is commonly viewed as a word related name for a tracker, from the Old English hunta, which means to chase. Its additionally conceivable that the Hunt family name is a mis-interpretation of the Irish last name à Fiaich (because of disarray with fiach, the cutting edge spelling of fiadhach, which means to chase), or an Anglicized spelling of the German last name Hundt. Family name Origin: English Exchange Surname Spellings: HUNTER, HUNTAR, HUNTE, HUNTA, HUNTT, HUNDT Where in the World is the HUNT Surname Found? Concurring to Forebears, the Hunt family name is generally predominant in the United States, where more than 172,000 individuals bear the name. It is increasingly normal dependent on rank in the country, in any case, in New Zealand (positioned 78th), Wales (84th) and England (89th). Verifiable information from the 1881 statistics in England shows the last name Hunt was generally basic in Wiltshire (eleventh most basic family name), Dorset (twelfth), Berkshire (seventeenth), Somerset and Oxfordshire (23rd), Hampshire (24th) and Leicestershire (25th). WorldNames PublicProfiler identifies the Hunt family name as being particularly regular in the United Kingdom, trailed by Australia and New Zealand. Inside the UK it is generally normal in southern England, particularly the regions of Dorset, Somerset, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Monmouthshire and Derbyshire. Well known People with the Last Name HUNT Linda Hunt - American on-screen character, born Lydia Susanna HunterHelen Hunt - American actressJames Hunt - British race vehicle driver well known in the 1970sE. Howard Hunt - previous CIA specialist, acclaimed for assisting with arranging the Watergate breakinAlfred Hunt - American steel magnateHenry Hunt - British radical speaker and politicianBonnie Hunt - American actressLeigh Hunt - English creator and criticWilliam Morris Hunt - American painter Family history Resources for the Surname HUNT The most effective method to Research English AncestorsTrace your British roots back to England and past with the means laid out in this English family history control. Figure out how to find your precursors province as well as ward in England, in addition to how to get to imperative records, enumeration records and area records. The HUNT DNA WebsiteOver 180 people with the Hunt last name and variations, for example, Hunte, Hunta, Huntt, Hundt, and so forth have tried their Y-DNA and joined this venture to help distinguish different Hunt families. Chase Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is nothing of the sort as a Hunt family peak or escutcheon for the Hunt surname. Coats of arms are allowed to people, not families, and may legitimately be utilized uniquely by the continuous male line relatives of the individual to whom the crest was initially conceded. FamilySearch - HUNT GenealogyExplore more than 4 million authentic records and heredity connected family trees posted for the Hunt last name and its minor departure from the free FamilySearch site, facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Chase Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb has a free mailing records for scientists of the Hunt last name. DistantCousin.com - HUNT Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and ancestry joins for the last name Hunt. The Hunt Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse ancestry records and connections to genealogical and authentic records for people with the well known last name Hunt from the site of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket release), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.  Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Top 10 Places to Publish Your Personal Essays

Top 10 Places to Publish Your Personal Essays The significant piece of what the paper, magazines and internet distributing stages present for perusers by an enormous record are scholastic pieces with information, realities and measurements. An engaging way and snappy way of composing for these articles make them truly engaging, educational and viewpoint creating. In any case, expositions that for sure profoundly contact the peruser are the individual papers. Reality of life surprises with its straightforwardness and disaster, gift and battle, love and stiff necked attitude in each word. Life for what it's worth. As is commonly said, composing verifiable isn't introducing only your story †it’s expounding on the conditions we as a whole may understanding. On the off chance that there is a story worth of sharing to the remainder of the world, here is a rundown of the best sites and magazines to distribute it. These are top 10 sources that won't just present the story to the world however furnish essayists with assistance and guidance for a superior outcome. Boston Globe This magazine’s Connection Section is searching for 650-words exposition on any close to home connections. The installment isn't plainly set, however. Submitting is extremely simple by means of [emailprotected] . Extra Crispy Extra Crispy is likely searching for the most bizarre points: morning, breakfast or informal breakfast stories to be secured. The magazine will distribute your work for 40 penny for each word. Accommodation is also by means of email [emailprotected] . Woman Magazine As consciously sounds the name of the magazine, as fascinating is the setting of the individual exposition submitted from the woman the ladies more than 30. Here’s the connection for accommodation: [emailprotected] The installment isn't fixed. Kveller Child rearing is in every case loaded with extraordinary stories and encounters to share. On the off chance that you want to compose for a Jewish child rearing site, this one is directly for you. The best word sum is 500-700. For each post you get 25$. The editors ask to quickly cover your account, contact information and incorporate the paper, of cause. The New York Times What can be all the more moving at that point love? The Modern Love area acknowledges exposition up to 1,700 words in length by means of [emailprotected] To get some additional information experience Time’s page for pitching tips and Modern Life page on Facebook. Effective article gets 300$ for a post. Cut s a particular social point for each issue, including both fiction and true to life. Here is the place you can make a complain: you can present a paper 5,000 words and win truly great cash †up to 250$. As the subjects change from an issue to issue, follow the rules for accommodation so the manager has the opportunity to survey and endorse your work. Accommodation is on the web. The Bold Italic Any one from bright California? This magazine centers around California’s Bay Are issues. Do you have an extraordinary style of composing and a firm close to home perspective? In the event that truly, you are the one they are searching for to distribute. The Rumpus The Rumpus focuses on crafted by â€Å"intersect culture†. Locate the best coordinating classification on the web and present the exposition. Be that as it may, you will find the solution no quick than in multi month. Tin House It acknowledges expositions limit of 10,000 words in length in September or March. Beware of your accommodation status first before messaging. You are approached to incorporate a word include and the class in the introductory letter. The compensation is variable. Clamor It is a way of life site that will acknowledge individual papers from ladies of 800-2000 words in length. The normal installment is 5 pennies for each word. Summarizing, it is smarter to inquire about the magazines first and read a portion of the article to comprehend to what crowd it is coordinated to. Take your risk!

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Showcasing Management - Essay Example A wide scope of food projects and food celebrations are sorted out in Singapore which observes a solid degree of support from a wide exhibit of master level worldwide gourmet experts from different corners of the world. This naturally makes the market of Singapore an origin of different sorts of inventive food based indulgences just as pastry shop items. Examining on the lines of the pastry kitchen items, it very well may be said that the market of Singapore can be separated on the lines of bread based contributions, cakes, scones just as breakfast grains (Euromonitor.com, 2011). In any case, it additionally must be said that the Singapore has an enormous number of Muslim populace, which frames the Halal market in the locale. It is exceptionally intriguing to express that the South East Asia, which incorporates the locale of Singapore, is homes to around 250 million Halal situated customers. Discussing the valuation of the south east Asia advertise framed by the 250 million Halal buy ers, it very well may be featured that the market remains at a bewildering 93,000 million USD (Daganhalal.com, n.d.). It is likewise imperative to feature the way that the district of Singapore, which falls under the classification of South East Asia has a gigantic and developing potential for getting one of the main Halal based food markets, for the most part due to the reality of the locale being a significant transhipping focus. Likewise, it must be said that the Muslim nearness in the Singapore district includes to over 60% of the whole populace of Muslim found everywhere throughout the world (Min, Global Halal Food Industry, p. 7). Source: Global Halal Food Industry. Consequently, it tends to be said that there exists an interesting open door in the bread shop market to take into account the internal just as outward development that is rising up out of the Halal market of Singapore. Market Trends Discussing the patterns that are right now developing in the market of Singapore, it very well may be said that the patterns are like that of the pastry shop market of south East Asia. It is to be referenced that the bread kitchen industry existing in these business sectors is profoundly reliant on the arrangement of components. The components are a blend of macroeconomic just as way of life patterns like solid development of the local economy, developing expectations for everyday comforts of the majority, impact of western arranged way of life just as occupied existences of the majority (PRWeb.com, 2013). The factor of lack of time in the hands of the majority with respect to readiness of customary suppers is assuming an enormous reactant job in spreading the development of the bread kitchen industry in the market of Singapore. The bread and pastry kitchen industry of the locale has an exceptionally expanded customer portfolio. Talking with respect to the future market patterns for this specific area in the Singapore district, it tends to be said that the makers and retailers will attempt to achieve a development in the business by utilizing on the exceptionally differentiated buyers base. So as to build up a serious edge in the business just as for better situating of their items, the makers and retailers of the bread business will attempt to present inventive items which will be divided and focused on explicitly to buyers based on their age gathering. Market Growth While talking about the components of market development, it must be gotten to center that the bread shop market of Singapore developed at a pace of 7.9 % on a compound yearly premise between the multi year time of 2004 to 2009 (Datamonitor.com, 2012). During this period the bread and

Women at Higher Risk for the Effects of Alcohol

Women at Higher Risk for the Effects of Alcohol Addiction Alcohol Use Print Women and the Effects of Alcohol Women Are at Higher Risk for Serious Medical Consequences By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 29, 2020 PhotoExpress More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Women have a higher risk than men for certain serious medical consequences of alcohol use, including liver, brain, and heart damage, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. An  NIAAA Alcohol Alert reports that women achieve higher concentrations of alcohol in the blood and become more impaired than men after drinking equivalent amounts of alcohol. They are more susceptible than men to alcohol-related organ damage and to trauma resulting from traffic crashes and interpersonal violence. Alcohol and Gender Differences Researchers believe that the higher risks are due to gender differences in metabolism or gender-related differences in brain chemistry, but experts admit the risks could be because of different factors that are currently not known. Women absorb and metabolize alcohol differently than men. Women generally achieve higher concentrations of alcohol in the blood after drinking equivalent amounts of alcohol. Multiple Factors Affecting Women The following are some of the areas in which women experience more effects than men who drink alcohol at the same rate as women: Liver Damageâ€"Compared with men, women develop the alcohol-induced liver disease over a shorter period of time and after consuming less alcohol. Women are also more likely than men to develop alcoholic hepatitis and to die from cirrhosis. Brain Damageâ€"Women may be more vulnerable than men to alcohol-induced brain damage. Using MRI, researchers found that a brain region involved in coordinating multiple brain functions was significantly smaller among alcoholic women compared with both nonalcoholic women and alcoholic men. Heart Diseaseâ€"Among heavier drinkers, research shows similar rates of alcohol-associated heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) for both men and women, despite womens 60 percent lower lifetime alcohol use. Breast Cancerâ€"Many studies report that moderate to heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk for breast cancer, although one recent study found no increased breast cancer risk associated with consumption of up to one drink per day, the maximum drinking level reported by most women. Traffic Crashesâ€"Although women are less likely than men to drive after drinking and to be involved in fatal alcohol-related crashes, women have a higher relative risk of driver fatality than men at similar blood alcohol concentrations. Laboratory studies of the effects of alcohol on responding to visual cues and other tasks suggest that there may be gender differences in how alcohol affects the performance of driving tasks. Addiction and Dependenceâ€"According to the book, Women Under the Influence, females become addicted to alcohol, nicotine, and illegal and prescription drugs, and develop substance-related diseases at lower levels of use and in a shorter period of time than their male counterparts. Mental Illnessâ€"Women who are heavy drinkersâ€"defined as more than 15 drinks a weekâ€"have an increased risk of experiencing mental illness, specifically depression and anxiety. More Research Is Needed Researchers are currently attempting to identify gender-specific genetic factors whose interactions might contribute to differential sensitivity to alcohols effects. The alcohol research field has begun to recognize the importance of understanding gender differences in how alcohol is used, in the consequences of alcohol use, and in the development of alcohol dependence, said former NIAAA Director Enoch Gordis, M.D. The more science can tell us about gender-related aspects of alcohol-related problemsâ€"not only what they are but whyâ€"the better job we will be able to do to prevent and treat those problems in all populations, he said.

Means of Dispute Settlement Research Assignment Paper - 550 Words

Means of Dispute Settlement Research Assignment Paper (Term Paper Sample) Content: Means of Dispute SettlementStudent:Professor:Course title:Date:Means of Dispute SettlementFrequent litigations could be lengthy processes and are usually time-consuming and costly. Organizations which are plagued by regular litigations would surely suffer monetarily. Therefore, a lot of business organizations prefer an alternate form of dispute resolution (Fisher, 2012). In this paper, the different types of Alternative Dispute Resolutions (ADRs) and alternatives are discussed in an exhaustive manner. They are ranked in the order of value. The main types of ADRs include minitrial, arbitration, mediation, rent-a-judge trial, and negotiation. They are ranked in the order of value as follows: first is negotiation this is the most valuable form of Alternative Dispute Resolution since it is actually the simplest type of ADR. The conflicting parties will simply talk to one another and resolve the dispute between them (Goldberg et al., 2013). If the parties are ready and ar e able to negotiate a satisfactory solution, then this form of ADR is an excellent technique of resolving disputes. If the parties to the dispute can resolve the issue themselves either with consulting their lawyers or not consulting them, then they could perhaps save money and time. Mediation: this is the second most valuable type of ADR as the conflicting parties would utilize a mediator, who is a neutral 3rd party, in helping them to communicate with one another and resolve the dispute between them. Mediation is advantageous as it is actually less costly in comparison to litigation (Fisher, 2012). Furthermore, it is faster and the outcomes are often considered as more acceptable. Mediations are regarded as highly effective with 95% of personal injury matters and 85% of commercial matters ending in written settlement agreements. In addition, the parties are often more contented since they agreed to the outcome. Arbitration: this is the third most valuable Alternative Dispute Res olution. Using this form of ADR, the parties to the dispute will furnish their evidence to a neutral and unbiased 3rd party known as an arbitrator. This 3rd party will make a decision which is referred to as an award. Prior to the beginning of the arbitration, the parties in dispute would decide whether the arbitration would be advisory or it would be binding (Goldberg et al., 2013). However, the award is often binding to the parties. In general, in binding arbitration, a party cannot appeal the decision. Minitrial: of all the various forms of alternative dispute resolutions, minitrial is the 4th in importance just behind negotiation, mediation and arbitration. The phrase minitrial is basically used in describing a process wherein the lawyers of the parties to the dispute provide an abbreviated form of their best case (Goldberg et al., 2013). In a minitrial, the parties will furnish their evidence before a neutral; that is, a person who is unbiased. The parties in dispute would th en attempt to negotiate a solution to their dispute. The neutral might make an advisory award. Rent-a-judge Trial: using this type of ADR, which is th...

Inspirational Quotes on Getting Better

Somebody once said, The biggest room in the world is the room for improvement. We can always make room in our lives to get better, whether that means improving our health, our finances or our personal relationships. Even if we think things are perfect, theres likely a small area or two where we could put in a little extra work. Thats not to say that self-improvement is always easy: Its not. But sometimes the words of others who have been through similar struggles can give us the inspiration to carry on and change our lives for the better. Here are some famous and inspiring quotes about improving and getting better. Quotes on Self-Improvement from Writers Those with a talent for expressing themselves in words frequently offer insights the rest of us might not think of. But any writer whos ever worked with an editor knows all about the need to constantly improve and strive to be better. Any activity becomes creative when the doer cares about doing it right, or better.— John Updike Do not bother just to be better than your contemporaries or predecessors. Try to be better than yourself.— William Faulkner Dont be afraid to give your best to what seemingly are small jobs. Every time you conquer one it makes you that much stronger. If you do the little jobs well, the big ones will tend to take care of themselves. —  Dale Carnegie Go confidently in the direction of your dreams! Live the life youve imagined.—  Henry David Thoreau There is only one corner of the universe you can be certain of improving, and thats your own self.—  Aldous Huxley More Quotes About Getting Better Of course, sometimes inspiration comes from philosophers, business people, and entertainers. No one really has a lock on the self-improvement gig. But its up to you to decide how to apply these quotes in your life. The will to win, the desire to succeed, the urge to reach your full potential... these are the keys that will unlock the door to personal excellence.— Confucius Become addicted to constant and never-ending self-improvement.—Anthony J. DAngelo Before everything else; getting ready is the secret of success. Dont find fault. Find a remedy.— Henry Ford Dont start living tomorrow, tomorrow never arrives. Start working on your dreams and ambitions today.  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Unknown Author Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better.— Emile Coue Look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see, and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious.—  Stephen Hawking God has entrusted me with myself.—  Epictetus Good, better, best; never let it rest till your good is better and your better is best.— Unknown Author Believe in yourself. Have faith in your abilities. Without a humble but reasonable confidence in your own powers, you cannot be successful or happy.—  Norman Vincent Peale Do the difficult things while they are easy and do the great things while they are small. A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step.— Lao Tzu

Immigration Is Up Of The United States - 1274 Words

Flora Ho Prof. Rocklin Hist 152 Essay Assignment Question 1 Immigration makes up of the United States. The life of an immigrant faces many struggles. Coming to the United States is a very difficult time for immigrant, especially when English is not their first language. In Oscar Handlin’s essay, Uprooted and Trapped: The One-Way Route to Modernity and Mark Wyman’s Coming and Going: Round Trip to America, both these essays describes the life of immigrants living in America and how they are able to make a decent amount of money to support their families. Handlin’s essay Uprooted and Trapped: The One - Way Route to Modernity explains how unskilled immigrants came to adapt to the American life working in factories to make a living. In the essay, Coming and Going: Round Trip to America, this essay describes the reality of many immigrants migrating to the United States in the midst of the Industrial Revolution. Many were living and adjusting to being transnational families. Both these essays show how the influx of immigration and industrialization contributed to the making of the United States. With the support from documents 3 and 7, Thomas O’ Donnell, Immigrant Thomas O’Donnell Laments the Worker’s Plight, 1883 and A Slovenian Boy Remembers Tales of the Golden Country, 1909, these documents will explain the life of an immigrant worker in the United States. Although, the United States was portrayed as the country for a better life and a new beginning, in reality, the UnitedShow MoreRelatedImmigration : The Ongoing Question1419 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration: The Ongoing Question It was estimated in 2014 that there were at least 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States. Illegal immigration has been in the headlines for the last ten years and will forever plague the United States of America. New immigration policy such as the â€Å"Priority Enforcement Program† was implemented in 2015, and programs like these are one of the main topics up for debate in the upcoming election. Over seventy-five percent of people deported back toRead MoreImmigration : How It s Changed And Stayed The Same1727 Words   |  7 Pages Immigration How It’s Changed and Stayed the Same Gilardo Gonzalez Ms.Ferguson Ap US History, Block 4 09/06/15 Immigration has changed a lot throughout the years in American history, not only in laws about immigration, but about places where immigrants came from, and the different races that immigrated. These factors have changed throughout history by shaping the social and economic aspects of the United States. Immigration has changed for the better and for the worse. It has goneRead MoreEssay on The United States must Reduce Illegal Immigration818 Words   |  4 Pagesstation because I need someone to direct me in the right direction. 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What Is Corporate Governance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7160 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Ideally, a responsible corporate governance system would promote shareholder wealth, restrict managerial shirking, protect minority shareholders and minimize controlling shareholders misappropriation of private benefits of control In Mauritius, the country has also witness some scandals such as the Air Mauritius saga and this was subsequently followed by the National Pension Fund scandal. Following public outcries, Government took the bold decision to pass the appropriate legislation for parastatal bodies to comply with the Code of Good Governance The Code of Good Governance was published in 2004 following the work of a Committee set out under the chairmanship of Tim Taylor. Although it is code, it has been given legal backing by various enactments such as the Companies Act and the Financial Reporting Council Act. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Is Corporate Governance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 1.2 Research Background Government felt the need to require parastatal bodies to comply with the code in view that massive amount of fund are channeled to these organizations for delivering an effective and efficient service to the public. Any shortcoming on the part of these organizations results in the poor utilization of public fund which above all is subject to greater accountability and transparency and is scrutinized by Parliament. It should be pointed out the Director of Audit, has over the years, given unfavorable reports on these organizations and the major issues that keep on repeating are delays in the preparation of the financial statement and the submission of the Annual Report which have to be laid before Parliament, thus openly defying the concept of accountability and transparency. This shortcoming is a pure reflection of the state of corporate practices in those organizations 1.3 Research Problem Although, Government has established the necessary framework for promoting good corporate governance in parastatal bodies, its implementation and consequently its resulting effects is taking time to materialize. This is substantiated by the fact that there has been only a marginal decrease in non compliance organizations as highlighted in the latest report of the Director of Audit (2011). In addition, the subject of compliance and performance of parastatal bodies is a regular subject of debate in both the parliament and in the Media. Presently there, 146 State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in Mauritius. Some of them operates within the framework as set out by their respective Act of Parliament while other operates within the framework of the Companies Act. 1.4 Aim of the Study The researchers aim is to investigate into the level and degree of good governance practices in parastatal bodies with a view to identify the cultural, organisational and individual changes and initiative that are required on the part of these organisations. In this respect the study will be carried out at the Mauritius Meat Authority and the Outer Island Development Corporation. The key features between the two organisations is that the MMA has all its operations carried out locally while the OIDC has all its operation being carried out in Agalega islands 1.5 Research Objectives The objectives of this dissertation are set out below: To assess and evaluate respondents knowledge and awareness of the requirement of the Code of Good Corporate Governance To assess and evaluate the extent that it is being implemented in their respective organizations To identify the factors and conditions that are inhibiting the effective implementation of the Code To make recommendations for the furtherance of good corporate governance in parastatal bodies 1.6 Research Questions In order to meet the research objectives, the following research questions will be addressed in this study: To what extent respondents are aware about the right and obligations of the Chairman, CEOS, the Board and Secretary as required by the Code? Does the organization have the appropriate framework for implementing good corporate governance? What factors and conditions are inhibiting the effective implementation of the Code 1.7 Significance of the study It expected that the outcomes of this research will provide practical solutions to the problems presently faced by parastatal bodies in furthering good corporate governance in particular training of board members, setting of audit committees, redefining the role of the internal audit, etc 1.8 Structure of the dissertation The dissertation report will be organized into 5 chapters. The areas and topics to be covered under each one are summarized below- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 states the problem statement, aim and objectives of the research. It gives a brief introduction of the subject under study and the significance of the dissertation. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Chapter 2 deals with the literature review on the subject of good corporate governance CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Chapter 3deals with the methodology used to carry out the survey It describes the objectives as well as the techniques that will be used during the various stages of the research CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS Chapter 4 deals with the analysis of data. The findings and inference drawn from the analysis will be fully elaborated and these will pave the way for drawing the appropriate conclusions and for making practical recommendations CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION Cha pter 5 contains the recommendations and conclusions that have been reached based on the results of the survey 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 ntroduction A number of recent corporate scandals are tainted by fraud. New regulations, as well as recommendations of corporate governance codes intend to reduce fraud and lawsuits have been introduced For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 resulted in major changes to compliance practices of listed companies in the USA requiring executive, boards of directors and external auditors to undertake measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting. The main advantages are that good-governed firms are less liable to fraud and lawsuits 2.2 What is corporate governance? Theoretical considerations Corporate governance is a very general phrase, denoting, as the Cadbury Report (1992), says, the system by which companies are directed and controlled. It is concerned with structures and the allocation of responsibilities within companies. More specifically, discussions on corporate governance have concentrated on the relations between the directors and managers of the corporation and other parties. Corporate governance is also concerned with the way in which corporations are governed and in particular the relationship between the management of a company and its shareholders. This focus in corporate governance has continued to underlie the provisions of subsequent corporate governance reports in the UK, including Greenbury Report (1995), Hampel Report (1998), Turnbull Report (1999), Higgs (2003), and Smith Report (2003). The OECD (1999) hints at a wider network of relationships, while maintaining the emphasis on the relationship between shareholder and director, defini ng corporate governance as: A set of relationships between a companys management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives Shleifer and Vishny (1997) propose a broad definition of corporate governance: corporate governance concerns the ways in which suppliers of funds and the corporations themselves ensure returns on investment. This definition is based on agency theory and the principal-agent relationship, which posits that the delegation of management responsibilities by the principal to the agent creates problems of adverse selection and moral hazard that result in agency costs: Using a similar approach, Picou and Rubach (2006) define corporate governance as the construction of rules, practices, and incentives to align effectively the interests of the agents (boards and managers) with those of the principals (capital suppliers). Kyereboah-Coleman and Biekpe (2006) view the set of legal protections (company laws, stock exchange listing rules, and accounting standards) as a way to both shape and be shaped by the system of corporate governance mechanisms in place An entrepreneur, or a manager, raises funds from investors either to put them to productive use or to cash out his holding in the firm. The financiers need the managers specialized human capital to generate returns on their funds. The manager needs the financiers funds, since he either does not have enough capital of his own to invest . According to Shleifer and Vishny (1997 the agency problem in this context refers to the difficulties financiers have in assuring that their funds are not expropriated or wasted on unattractive projects In order to minimize these agency costs, a good corporate governance system should provide some kind of legal protection for the rights of both large and small investors Good corporate governance shoul d provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interests of the company and shareholders and should facilitate effective monitoring, thereby encouraging firms to use resources more efficiently. The introduction of other stakeholders raises the question of where exactly the shareholders interests rank in terms of directors priorities, notwithstanding the emphasis subsequently placed on the primacy of shareholders interests in what the OECD perceives as good corporate governance. The corporate governance framework should recognize the rights of stakeholders as established by law and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises There are many views on the scope and perspective of good corporate governance .One view assumes that the corporation serves purely as an agency for wealth-maximization for all concerned. The shareholder s interests are assumed to be synonymous with those of the company (objectives that are in the interests of the company and shareholders) and the role and interests of stakeholders are narrowly defined in terms of economic activity (wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises). Another view is stakeholders are carefully defined in close legal terms: only rights protected by law whether through contract or by statute need be respected. Wider, non-statutory or non-contractual relationships are not considered in this framework Some authors have also pointed that corporate governance cannot be dealt with in an abstract model, as it is a product of hierarchal, cultural, and political systems. Also, any model or a governance structure must entail the four basic ingredients namely: accountability, independence, transparency, and integrity. It is evident that these components are interdependent and cannot be isolated or separated. Separation of ownership and control Corporate governance refers to internal and external monitoring mechanisms that have an impact on the decision of managers in the context of separation of ownership and control. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) illustrate corporate governance as how to make sure managers do not shirk or steal capital from the firm or make bad investments. Berle and Means (1932) were of the view that the separation of ownership and control constitutes agency problems between managers and the suppliers of capital Suppliers of capital want to know how managers take care of their money and maximize shareholder wealth and how to prevent them from consuming perks, such as expenses in favor of managers that do not necessarily maximizes shareholders wealth. Jensen and Meckling (1976) consider the firm as a nexus of contracts in which the conflicting objectives of managers and shareholders (and other participants) are brought in equilibrium within a framework of contractual relationships. Wit hin this setting, Macey (1998) establishes the need for corporate governance principles because of the incomplete nature of corporate contracts and the need to control managerial shirking and to control agency costs. Several mechanisms can be used to overcome the problems associated with separation of ownership and control: alignment of shareholders interest with managerial interests (compensation plans, stock options, bonus schemes); board monitoring by large shareholders and lenders; legal protection of (minority) shareholders from managerial expropriation through shareholder rights and the market for corporate control as an external device. Practices of good corporate governance Durnev and Kim (2005) analyzed potential determinants of CG practices. They investigated how certain attributes of firms influence their choice of CG practices and how they interact with the legal environment in which they operate. Their theoretical model yields three predictions confirmed by their empirical evidence: The three main attributes that make firms adopt good CG practices are their growth opportunities, their need for external funding, both debt and equity, and their concentration of ownership. The market value of firms increases with good CG practices. The adoption of good CG practices is most relevant in countries where investor legal protection is poor. Anand et al. (2006) empirically examined the adoption of recommended CG guidelines in Canada and found an increasing voluntary adoption and convergence of good CG practices over time. Their results suggest that the presence of a majority shareholder or an executive block holder is negatively associated with good CG practices Legalizing good corporate governance A number of recent corporate scandals are tainted by fraud. New regulations, as well as recommendations of corporate governance codes intend to reduce fraud and lawsuits in the future. For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 resulted i n major changes to compliance practices of listed companies in the USA requiring executive, boards of directors and external auditors to undertake measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting. The main device is that good-governed firms are less liable to fraud and lawsuits. The main focus of regulators and corporate governance reforms is the constitution and duties of audit committees in order to reduce financial accounting frauds. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) recommends that firms should have an independent audit committee that operates independently of management, have financial experience, meet regularly, and review the integrity of financial reports. Corporate governance is concerned with the way in which corporations are governed and in particular in the United Kingdom the relationship between the management of a company and its shareholders. The introduction of other stakeholders raises the qu estion of where exactly the shareholders interests rank in terms of directors priorities, notwithstanding the emphasis subsequently placed on the primacy of shareholders interests in what the OECD perceives as good corporate governance. The OECD to some extent answers this question, in its remarks on the role of stakeholders: The corporate governance framework should recognise the rights of stakeholders as established by law and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises. 2.3 Need for good corporate governance. Good corporate governance should provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interests of the company and shareholders and should facilitate effective monitoring, thereby encouraging firms to use resources more efficiently. The introduction of other stakeholders raises the question of where exactly the shareholders interests rank in terms of directors priorities, notwithstanding the emphasis subsequently placed on the primacy of shareholders interests in what the OECD perceives as good corporate governance. The corporate governance framework should recognize the rights of stakeholders as established by law and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises There are many views on the scope and perspective of good corporate governance .One view assumes that the corporation serves purely as an agency for wealth-maximization fo r all concerned. The shareholders interests are assumed to be synonymous with those of the company (objectives that are in the interests of the company and shareholders) and the role and interests of stakeholders are narrowly defined in terms of economic activity (wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises). 2.4 Separation of ownership and control Corporate governance refers to internal and external monitoring mechanisms that have an impact on the decision of managers in the context of separation of ownership and control. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) illustrate corporate governance as how to make sure managers do not shirk or steal capital from the firm or make bad investments. The separation of ownership and control (Berle and Means, 1932) constitutes agency problems between managers and the suppliers of capital Suppliers of capital want to know how managers take care of their money and maximize shareholder wealth and how to prevent them from consuming perks, such as expenses in favor of managers that do not necessarily maximizes shareholders wealth. Jensen and Meckling (1976) consider the firm as a nexus of contracts in which the conflicting objectives of managers and shareholders (and other participants) are brought in equilibrium within a framework of contractual relationships. Within this setting, Macey (1998) estab lishes the need for corporate governance principles because of the incomplete nature of corporate contracts and the need to control managerial shirking and to control agency costs. Several mechanisms can be used to overcome the problems associated with separation of ownership and control: alignment of shareholders interest with managerial interests (compensation plans, stock options, bonus schemes); board monitoring by large shareholders and lenders; legal protection of (minority) shareholders from managerial expropriation through shareholder rights and the market for corporate control as an external device. 2.5 Composition of the Board The board composition decision allocates board seats over the set of potential board members, which include the stakeholder representatives as well as professional managers and board members. Boards are normally elected by the owners, but in some countries other stakeholders (employees, governments) also appoint board members. Owners delegate many decision rights concerning corporate values to the board. In companies that separate ownership and control this implies that managers play a pivotal role in creating or changing corporate value systems, and that the composition of the board is a key determinant of this process. Legally, board members share a joint responsibility to all shareholders (and creditors), but organizational theorists (Jones and Goldberg, 1982; Evan and Freeman) have argued that board members may also serve as agents for specific stakeholders, a dual role, which may sometimes conflict with their fiduciary duty. For example, employee representatives (which are man datory in countries like Germany (Charkham, 1994)) may take a special interest in labor conditions. 2.6 The corporate value function Corporate values can be defined, in a classical sense, as beliefs that help companies make choices among available means and ends (Rockeach, 1973), or more technically, as the weight which corporate decision makers attach to alternative goals when making their decisions. Alternative goals could be accounting profitability, stock returns, customer value, market share, company growth, employee satisfaction, supplier surplus or measures of corporate social performance (like image, environmental impact, tax revenue). They could be present or future values of these variables to capture a trade off between the short and the long run (Fama and Jensen, 1985). They can be probabilistic to capture different attitudes towards risk (Sitkin and Pablo, 1992Effectively, they can even encompass the weight, which managers attach to their personal goals (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). For example, if the managers of a company value empire building, and if this inclination is not checked by shareholders or stakeholders, growth and diversification goals may effectively belong to the corporate value system.and they may be even more important in private corporations. Finally, the board will need to take non-owner stakeholder considerations into account, even if shareholder value remains the overall goal. And again one way to do this is to include representatives from the relevant constituencies. 2.7 Implicit contracts with stakeholders There is a need for companies to internalize stakeholder concerns is to increase their creditability and trustworthiness through implicit contracts based on reputation (Fombrun and Shanley, 1990; Kay, 1995) and corporate culture (Kreps, 1990) or socialization (Scott and Lane, 2000). Reputation may be built by consistent behavior over a long period of time and facilitated by communication (Fombrun, 1996). Following Kreps (1990), a reputation for honesty is a valuable asset which will be lost if the company is not truthful, which implies an economic incentive to honesty. Commitments to employee satisfaction, customer value and creditor protection may also be a valuable, self-sustainable assets. Arrow (1973), Sen (1993) and others have argued that ethical codes may improve economic efficiency when other social institutions fail to achieve optimal results, in particular, the classic market failures when the firm has access to unique information (Arrow, 1973). 2.8 Corporate Governance and Performance The shareholder model, the ultimate goal of the firm is to maximize shareholder wealth and corporate governance has to be seen as a mechanism to realize this goal. As a consequence, supporters of this concept expect a positive relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. According to Maher and Andersson, 2002, firms that do not adopt cost-minimizing corporate governance mechanisms are less efficient and will be taken over or replaced in the long-run Conventional wisdom on corporate governance predicts that good corporate governance increases firm valuation and firm performance and reduces the cost of capital and financial fraud. A widely accepted statement is that good corporate governance results in a lower cost of capital. One explanation is that good corporate governance will lead to lower firm risk and subsequently to a lower cost of capital. Using various measures of corporate governance, researchers have examined the extent to which corporate gover nance environment is related to the firms financial performance (Gompers et al., 2003; Bebchuck et al., 2009; Klein et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2006; Brown and Caylor, 2006) Generally, their results tend to show that good corporate governance practices, as measured by different variables, are positively associated with financial performance although the associations are not very strong. Among the indicators that are significantly related to firm financial performance are: All directors attend at least 75 percent of board meetings Board members are elected annually; Board guidelines are in each proxy statement; The firm has either no poison pill or else a shareholder-approved one; Re-pricing did not occur within the last three years; Average options granted in the last three years as a percentage of basic shares outstanding did not exceed 3 percent; Directors are subject to stock ownership guidelines (Bebchuck et al., 2009; Brown and Caylor, 2006); and The boa rd is more than 50 percent controlled by independent outside directors (Black et al., 2006). According to the shareholder model, the ultimate goal of the firm is to maximize shareholder wealth and corporate governance has to be seen as a mechanism to realize this goal. As a consequence, supporters of this concept expect a positive relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. Firms that do not adopt cost-minimizing corporate governance mechanisms are less efficient and will be taken over or replaced in the long-run (Maher and Andersson, 2002). Conventional wisdom on corporate governance predicts that good corporate governance increases firm valuation and firm performance and reduces the cost of capital and financial fraud. Corporate governance ratings From the literature review, corporate governance ratings seemed to concentrate on the following general categories: board characteristics; ownership structure; compensation plans; anti-takeover devices; financial disclosure; internal controls; and director education (Allen et al., 2004). Corporate governance cannot be dealt with in an abstract model, as it is a product of hierarchal, cultural, and political systems. Also, any model or a governance structure must entail the four basic ingredients namely: accountability, independence, transparency, and integrity. It is evident that these components are interdependent and cannot be isolated or separated. Corporate governance refers to internal and external monitoring mechanisms that have an impact on the decision of managers in the context of separation of ownership and control. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) illustrate corporate governance as how to make sure managers do not shirk or steal capital from the firm or make bad investments. The separation of ownership and control (Berle and Means, 1932) constitutes agency problems between managers and the suppliers of capital. Suppliers of capital want to know how man agers take care of their money and maximize shareholder wealth and how to prevent them from consuming perks, such as expenses in favor of managers that do not necessarily maximizes shareholders wealth. Jensen and Meckling (1976) consider the firm as a nexus of contracts in which the conflicting objectives of managers and shareholders (and other participants) are brought in equilibrium within a framework of contractual relationships. Within this setting, Macey (1998) establishes the need for corporate governance principles because of the incomplete nature of corporate contracts and the need to control managerial shirking and to control agency costs. Several mechanisms can be used to overcome the problems associated with separation of ownership and control: alignment of shareholders interest with managerial interests (compensation plans, stock options, bonus schemes); board monitoring by large shareholders and lenders; legal protection of (minority) shareholders from managerial expropriation through shareholder rights and the market for corporate control as an external device. Within the paradigm of the shareholder model, the ultimate goal of the firm is to maximize shareholder wealth and corporate governance has to be seen as a mechanism to realize this goal. As a consequence, supporters of this concept expect a positive relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. Firms that do not adopt cost-minimizing corporate governance mechanisms are less efficient and will be taken over or replaced in the long-run (Maher and Andersson, 2002). Most organizations that sell corporate governance ratings refer to this relationship. Larcker et al. (2004) find that corporate governance variables have weak explanatory power for explaining management decisions or firm valuation. Further, they find some unexpected, opposite relationships, such as: firms with large boards, busy directors and anti-takeover provisions are showing better debt ratings. St ructural indicators of corporate governance used in empirical research and rating agencies tend to have limited ability to explain managerial behavior and firm valuation. A widely accepted statement is that good corporate governance results in a lower cost of capital. One explanation is that good corporate governance will lead to lower firm risk and subsequently to a lower cost of capital. Although historic financial performance can be factored in predicting future performance but it is definitely not the only factor that must be counted. This necessitated the need for a financial scorecard that gives the investor a guideline on the financial status of an enterprise. As the twenty first century economy can be characterized as a dynamic one, a way to measure adaptability to sustained customer satisfaction is becoming indispensable. Leadership that is courageous, willing to adapt to changing economic environment and equipped with common-sense can be considered the choice of tomo rrows leading companies Methods of assessment During the last few years, several rating systems have been proposed and implemented. The most recognized of which are the four rating services that provide metrics that rank the quality of the firms directors. These rating services are: Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS); Standard and Poor (SP); Governance Metric International (GMI); and The Corporate Library (TCL). These systems are based what is known as the Scoreboard. The main objectives of the scoreboard system are:to facilitate the work of analysts and investors though a systematic and easy overview of all relevant issues of good governance;enable companies to easily assess the reach and the quality of their own governance situation; and allow to set minimum scores by investors for governance as part of general investment policy. Category 1: Board structure and accountability The pure fact that the board and executives structure exists on the score board rating system is in itself a positive sign as it ensures some kind of improvements and adjustments after each report card is issued for the company. The following topics are considered in this category include: independency of board members; board size; board attendance; chairman/CEO separation; directors serving on boards of other companies; composition of audit committees, nominating committees and compensation committees; annual election of the board of directors; disclosure of corporate governance guidelines and code of conducts and ethics; share ownership of executive directors. Board structure refers mainly to the composition of the board of directors. Rating agencies evaluate firms with more independent (no affiliated) board members higher than firms with less independent board members. Independent board members may be more critical towards ethical and fraud issues, as well as restructuring activities than dependent members. However, it is questionable whether mor e independent board members would improve firm performance (Bhagat and Jefferis, 2002). For example: Former non-executive directors have the knowledge and expertise in the company and business environment that enable them to advise incumbent management. Other topics in this field are disclosure of corporate governance guidelines and codes of conducts and ethics. More disclosure means a higher ranking. However, a firm that discloses information about corporate governance or codes of conduct and ethics (stated preferences) will not necessary act in favor of these guidelines (revealed preferences). Further, the number of meetings and attendance is counted. A high attendance means that the firm is better governed. However, not the number of meetings and attendance is important, but the content of discussion and items on the agenda are indicators of good corporate governance. Category 2: Executive and director compensation In this category, the following topics are rated: lev el and form of compensation; performance evaluation criteria; independence and integrity of compensation setting process; shareholder approval of compensation policy; pension plans; option-repricing policy; directors and executives are subject to stock ownership guidelines; presence of company loans to employees. Fixed and variable compensation policies and practices that reward management with little regard to for shareholder interest indicate weak, ineffective board. When long-term compensation is tie to shareholder returns then it is considered good governance. Recently, many CEOs salaries exceeded the one million dollars barrier and their compensation plans include bonus and variable pays in form of stocks and stock options. Such conditions are a recipe for bad governance. This category is not examined thoroughly in any of the four systems. In our view, a compensation plan should be related to the corporate performance and performance of peer companies. Category 3: Audit The crucial issue in this category is the audit committee (Yakhou and Dorweiler, 2005). Who appoints it, its mandate, and its authority? Are the members of the audit committee independent and do they discuss financial issues on a regular base with the external auditor? Category 4: Shareholder rights and takeover practice In this category, the following issues are considered: one-share, one vote system; a simple majority vote of shareholders is required to amend the charter or bylaws; shareholders may call special meetings; shareholders may act by written consent; presence of a majority shareholder and staggered board, Interdependences among variables Agrawal and Knoeber (1996) showed the importance of interrelations among different control mechanisms. They examined different corporate control mechanisms, such as insider shareholdings, monitoring by large shareholdings and lenders, independency of boards, external labor market, and the market for corporate control. They mentioned that when alternatives exist, the use of one corporate control mechanism may depend on the use of others. Therefore, empirical estimates of the influence that single corporate control mechanisms have on firm performance will likely be misleading. If variables are endogenous (because of interdependences), the results are not reliable. And that is exactly what happens with the use of a single corporate governance index. Bhagat and Jefferis (2002) argue that takeover defenses, corporate performance, corporate ownership structure are interrelated and should be studied by simultaneous equations. Using a simple index ignores interdependences among different corporate governance mechanisms. 2.9 Corporate Governance in Mauritius Mauritius has chosen as its economic model a version of the free market economy. The driving force of the model is investment by the Private Sector. Government sets the rules, provides the physical and social infrastructures and it is the private sector that creates wealth employment. A system of corporate governance is required to keep a balance between the interest of the outside investors, the entrepreneurs and the management. Furthermore, there are other stakeholders, employees, customers, suppliers, banks and society in general whose interest has to be taken into account. Governance has been an issue in Mauritius and elsewhere for many years. Mauritius has institutions, some guaranteed by the constitution and others by legislation and rules, which act watchdog against corruption and malpractices to ensure implementation of good governance principles. These include: The National Audit Office and an effective system of internal and external audit for all ministers/departme nts. The Independent Commission Against corruption (ICAC) which acts as a watchdog against corruption and wrong doings. The Ombudsman Office with large constitutional power to enquire into administrative malpractices. A free and highly critical media gives a large and detailed coverage of all government activities. Public Procurement Laws ensure that there is fair, equitable and transparent mechanism in the allocation of contracts funded by public funds. The newly created Office of Public sector Governance (under the aegis of the Prime Ministers Office) has a vision of making Mauritian Public Sector organisations become model of good corporate governance. Its mission is to inculcate, advocate and promote good corporate governance practices in the public sector. There is the Code of Ethics for Public Officers issued by the Ministry of Civil Service and Administrative Reforms. However, it was in 2001 that Sushil Kushiram, the then Minister of Finance, Economic Dev elopment and Financial Services, decided that as part of the modernization of the economy, it was time to create a legal and institutional framework that would give an up o tune and efficient system of governance. A number of initiatives were put in place. The committee of CG was formed, the listing rules of SEM were put in place, a new Companies Act was pressed and International Accounting Standard was introduced. This series continued and we had the Financial Reporting Act which amongst other things provided for the setting up of the National Committee on CG-NCCG, the service commission was set up and in 2009, the Mauritius Institute of Directors was launched. The NCCG, as its first task, prepared the code of Corporate Governance for Mauritius which was launched in 2003.The code is on a Comply or explain basis and in 2009, the NCCG commissioned a survey on the state of compliance was high in private companies at 83% but very low in State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) at 44%.SOEs are th e stewards of public money and it is very desirable thus levels of governance be improved in these organizations. The NCCG is currently working with the National Audit office and the office for the public sector Governance to find out how this can be improved, Taylor (2011) 2.10 Conclusion Corporate governance remains a complex and dynamic issue as it deals with cultural, political, technological, and market variations. From the above literature review, it can be noted that the debates on corporate governance is still an evolving issue and that research are being carried out on the various facets of corporate governance. 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 3.1 Introduction The previous chapter was concerned with a review of current literature to identify the dimensions and to develop a survey questionnaire to collect the primary data to answer the research question and to achieve the aim of this study. This chapter explains in details the methodology used in gathering the necessary information to conduct the research study. It highlights the sources of data, the survey design, and the data analysis method employed. The steps which are necessary to conduct a research have also been highlighted. The overall aims were to plan and carry out the study in a systematic manner so as to achieve a high degree of reliability and validity of the findings. 3.2 Purpose of the Research As mentioned in Chapter 1, this study is on assessing the implementation of good corporate governance in parastatal bodies. The finding of the research will make a significant contribution toward improving corporate governance in parastatal bodies in particular at the Outer Island Development Corporation and the Mauritius Meat Authority. 3.3 Scope of the Research The aim of this research is to enhance the good practice of corporate governance in parastatal bodies.. 3.4 Research Philosophy The research philosophy is considered to be critical to any empirical research because the research philosophy dictates the type or research method and strategy to be adopted. Saunders et al (2009) argue that positivism and interpretivism are the two dominant research philosophies in business management. They argue that the interpretivism is about the way people make sense of the world whereas the positivism is into the form of a universal law. For this study an interpretivism philosophy has been adopted because it is considered to be the most appropriate one to answer the research question of the study as it involves the interpretation of a situation involving the human element. 3.5 Research Approach According to Saunder, Lewis and Thornhill (2007), research can be either inductive or deductive. The inductivism is based on the development of a theory after analysis of the primary data. The benefit of this approach, it takes a holistic view of the situation before the formulation of the theory. However, for the purpose of this study it has been considered most appropriate to adopt a deductive approach where the research started with testing the existing theories. The deductivism is about testing the theories and is more appropriate for the natural sciences. The benefits of this approach for this study are to make use of theories to explain a situation, the cause effect relationship and the data collected is of a quantitative nature. 3.6 Type of Research Approaches There are three type of research. These are detailed below Exploratory research Exploratory research is a type of research conducted when a problem has been clearly defined. It helps determining the best research design, selection of subjects, data collection method. Secondary research is therefore based on exploratory research. Hence, research that is conducted with an intention to explore is called exploratory research. Descriptive research Descriptive research describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. If the purpose of the research is to describe, then the study is considered to be descriptive in nature. It basically gives the researcher a choice of perspective, terms, levels, aspects, concepts, as well as to observe, register, systemize, classify and interpret. Explanatory research The desire to know why to explain is the purpose of explanatory research. Explanatory research is applied when the issue is already known and has a description of it. Furthermore it builds on exploratory and descriptive research and goes on to identify the reasons for something that occurs. Explanatory research looks for causes and reasons. 3.7 Research Methods The two research methods identified in the literature are the qualitative and quantitative research methods. Both have its merits and limitations but the choice between the two depends on the purpose of the study and the type and the availability of information. The qualitative method is commonly used to measure views, attitudes, feelings and opinions. It has been criticized for its subjectivity in the way data is interpreted. The interpretation is based on the researcher and the instrument used. This study has used the quantitative approach for the analysis of the data. All the dimensions forming part of the study are measured in quantitative terms. The quantitative approach supports the deductive strategy as the theory is placed at the beginning of the research and is tested through set of questions. This approach has been favored for its objectivity. 3.8 Research Strategy The research strategy presents a plan of how the research question has been answered. There are several strategies that can be adopted to generate the primary data. For this study, a survey method has been adopted because it allows the gathering of a large volume of data in a short time. According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007), a research could be explanatory, exploratory and descriptive. This research is both an exploratory (i.e. review of the literature) and explanatory (analysis of data and making conclusion there from) research 3.9 The Research Process The research process will be completed in six steps are mentioned as under: Identifying the research problem Defining the research problem Determining how to conduct the research or the method Collecting research data before analyzing Interpreting the data Presenting the results 3.10 Data Access For this study, the sources of data have been primary data to answer the research questions. In the initial phase of the research, the literature review was carried in journals, publications and internet that reflect the topic of the study. The primary data was generated through the self administered questionnaire to trainees. 3.11 Census/ Sample The population consists of 160 parastatal bodies. However, survey deals with only two parastatal bodies. The rational for choosing the two parastatal bodies is that one has over the years a very good track record, i.e. it has an unqualified audit report. It prepares its account on time as well as its Annual Reports, whereas the other one has been adversely reported by the auditors and there are delays in preparation of its account and Annual Report. 3.13 Questionnaire Design The questions in the questionnaires (refer to appendix) are designed and adapted on research papers and articles on the QFD models. The questionnaire is based on three factors. The questionnaire was designed in such a way to capture the respondents needs and their perception of the quality of the training. Respondents were given a series of statements where they will be required to opine on the degree of agreement and disagreement on each of the statement on a rating scale of 1 to 5 as set out below: 1- Disagree 2- Disagree 3- Neutral 4- Agree 5- Strongly agree 3.14 Pre-Testing A pre-testing was done prior to launching a full-scale survey. It is important to identify flaws and weaknesses towards improving the questionnaire to ensure the reliability and validity. Even minor mistakes are important as it can cause great changes in meaning and interpretation. A pre-testing was carried out on 6 potential respondents including 2 experts. Suggestion from the respondents were sought which helped to refining the questionnaire. Initially, some questions were removed, as the respondents stated that the questionnaire was too lengthy and time consuming. The questionnaire has been reviewed and amended accordingly prior to launching full-scale survey. 3.15 Data Collection Method From information available at the MSB , the questionnaires were forwarded by both the internet and by post to the 60 trainees A total of 42 questionnaires were received but only 39 were found valid and reliable. These has been used to conduct the analysis 3.16 Data Analysis All the completed questionnaire were screened to establish their consistency, reliability, validity, accuracy, uniformity and completeness. The data collected during the survey was computed using the statistical package SPSS 16.0. The data analysis tools used were the mean, standard deviation and the excel for graph presentation. 3.17 Ethical Consideration The research was conducted by taking into account all ethical issues as there is the involvement of human beings. The risk of injury or health hazard was not an issue as no equipment was used. The confidentiality and anonymity of respondents were assured. They were not asked to relate their names or addresses. The questionnaire carried a covering letter to inform them about the purpose of the research. The approval letter from management was forwarded together with the questionnaire to ensure transparency. In the covering letter it was well stated that the purpose of this survey was for the presentation of a dissertation for a degree award. Moreover, they were informed that, no part of the research will be published without the authorization from management. The respondents act in their free will and there was no personal influence or pressure has been used. 3.18 Conclusion This chapter has given a detailed description of the methodology used for this research to generate the primary data to answer the research question of this study. The purpose of the research was defined and research methods used (exploratory, explanatory and descriptive). The research strategy has been a survey. The method used is the quantitative to measure the dimensions in quantitative terms. The instrument used was a closed ended questionnaire where respondents were required to express their level of agreement or disagreement with the statements. The next chapter will present the findings of the analysis of the primary data and a discussion will follow on the findings of the study.

Eminent Domain Use and Abuse Essay Example

Essays on Eminent Domain Use and Abuse Essay The paper "Eminent Domain Use and Abusee" is an outstanding example of an essay on law. Governments are empowered by the law to assume control of the private property for public use, thus constituting the eminent domain. However, in proclaiming eminent domain there are procedures that must be followed for a smooth proclaim (Levy, 2013). Firstly the government must declare a public need by identifying a scarcity in providing and accessing certain public services. Secondly, the government must prove that the intended public utility is of much value that the private utility. Thirdly, the government makes an offer to the owner for compensation. Finally, the government attempts to negotiate a fair value with the owner to purchase the property (Merriam and Ross, 2006). In case the owner does not wish to sell on eminent domain, the government will file a court action in order to exercise eminent domain. The court will schedule a hearing in which the government must demonstrate that it tried to acquire the property in good faith and for public use but no agreement was reached. If the petition favors the government, the process of establishing a fair market value for the property takes place and the required payments are made. Either party may appeal the decision in case the owner of the property is not satisfied with the outcome or the government fails in its petition (Levy, 2013).Government zoning, unlike eminent domain the government does not need to compensate the affected property owners. This is because zoning only entails restricting a certain area to a specific nature of utility. In addition, assuming control of a property through police power the property owner is also not compensated (Merriam and Ross, 2006).In conclusion, two good examples of cases that demonstrate eminent domain are the Harvey Cedar v. Karan case where Harvey acquired a third of Karan’s property and constructed a 22-foot high dune and offered $300.00 compensation. The second case is Kelo v. The city of New London where the court agreed with the Connecticut Municipality to take the privately owned real property of Kelo and other families for a comprehensive development plan.

Leadership Analysis Free Essays

Running head: SCHOLARSHIP, PRACTICE, AND LEADERSHIP Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Cory A. Muhammad University of Phoenix Education and Information Literacy In a US society where information literacy is considered a luxury and not a human right enables intellectual illiteracy limits to be pushed to the max. It’s a nightmare how some can be deceived and taken advantage of or even locked out of opportunities by those who demonstrate the use of information literacy. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The desire for current and upcoming generations desiring access to information through text is becoming scarce. Researchers found that current and possible future generations would rather watch videos or tutorials instead of reading information found in text materials. â€Å"Experts suggested that they preferred to view information rather than read it, and so tended to choose information that was graphically represented rather than just text-based† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Today within the environment of education we are experiencing an increasing need for individuals to take interests in their own learning and exposure to information literacy for a variety of reasons: a) It gives learners the ability to become exposed to higher education and technology b) Enables learners to communicate (using technology) in an educational setting, and c) Prepares students to relate to the various generations of learners. In this essay I will discuss how information literacy relates to the scholar/practitioner/leadership model. Higher Education and Technology Anyone pursuing higher education will have to get use to the ideal of incorporating scholar practice of information literacy. As learners grow stronger in the use of information literacy, we can expose ourselves to higher educational opportunities such as Universities, trade colleges, skill centers, or career enhancement programs. Once an individual can be exposed to the various information located in most libraries all information retrieved completely enhances all researched subjects and allows for more profound subject content. In higher education information literacy plays a major role in the use of technology. Technology is an essential learning tool used amongst students and professionals today. Information illiteracy can lead to the mis-understanding and fear of technology. Information illiteracy can ultimately cause generational gaps in communication as-well. When one generation has not adequately prepared for the trend of another generation (generation X) vs. (Generation Y), this is a clear indication of information illiteracy. The new generation communicates in an integrated way, leveraging the technology that’s available. However libraries and other information providers â€Å"have fundamental problems in adapting†, â€Å"They’re not keeping up with the demand of these researchers, who live in the wider internet space,† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Education and Communication Using Technology Computer literacy, Internet literacy, e-mail functionality, search engine and data base literacy are a few amongst a huge arena of technology functions in our ever changing world we live in. Information literacy allows learners the opportunity to become literate in the world of technology and the use of wonderful tools to gain better performance in processing day to day tasks. The flipside to this same coin is information illiteracy prevents people from knowing about the reality of technology and its benefit. Information literacy ultimately improves the learner’s quality of life as they are being exposed to superior methods of functioning, as well as make themselves marketable from possessing education. â€Å"Most are not even aware of the potential help that is available to them. Libraries, which provide the best access point to information for most U. S. citizens, are left untapped by those who most need help to improve their quality of life† (â€Å"Association of College Research Libraries,† 1989). Communication Channels to Transcend Generations Information literacy ensures opportunity for open communication channels between different generations of learners, or leadership teams. Adequate communications through information literacy develops leadership amongst the educational atmosphere. The one who has the ability to relate to the various generations can easily emerge from the groups as a leader. Learning and professional environments benefit a great deal when an open line of communications exists between generations incorporating, wisdom, knowledge, desire, energy, and perspective. Information literacy allows for generations to be aware of each others benefit, but also rely on each other for constant innovation and progress. Information illiteracy will only promote detraction from any information or understanding of various generations and a low desire for people to pursue higher education. â€Å"There is a danger of a new elite developing in our country: the information elite† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Information literacy on the other hand, promotes the desire of individuals to continue to pursuing knowledge, and learning. In conclusion, the articles researched on information literacy revealed the current condition in our country regarding information illiteracy. Grades K-12, secondary, post secondary, graduate and even doctoral learning suffers from information il literacy. Students not engaging in intense research fail to use credible sources that handicap their ability to broaden their knowledge on specific subject matter. Students’ abilities to incorporate diverse forms of information literacy will enhance their educational experience and make it a more lifelong and fulfilling learning experience. By restructuring the learning process learners can develop skills to become practitioners of information literacy. Information literacy helps set up various frameworks for individuals to resolve moral dilemmas. The continued development of information literacy models could provide students and professionals within organizations the relatable life skills required for the scholar/practitioner/leadership model. References: Association of College Research Libraries. (1989). Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. Retrieved from http://news. ala. org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential. cfm#opp. on June 7, 2009. Lauer, S. , Yodanis, C. (2004, July). The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP): A Tool for Teaching with an International Perspective. Teaching Sociology, 32(3), 304-313. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from SocINDEX with Full Text database. Venkatraman, A. (2009, How to cite Leadership Analysis, Essays