Inspirational Quotes on Getting Better

Somebody once said, The biggest room in the world is the room for improvement. We can always make room in our lives to get better, whether that means improving our health, our finances or our personal relationships. Even if we think things are perfect, theres likely a small area or two where we could put in a little extra work. Thats not to say that self-improvement is always easy: Its not. But sometimes the words of others who have been through similar struggles can give us the inspiration to carry on and change our lives for the better. Here are some famous and inspiring quotes about improving and getting better. Quotes on Self-Improvement from Writers Those with a talent for expressing themselves in words frequently offer insights the rest of us might not think of. But any writer whos ever worked with an editor knows all about the need to constantly improve and strive to be better. Any activity becomes creative when the doer cares about doing it right, or better.— John Updike Do not bother just to be better than your contemporaries or predecessors. Try to be better than yourself.— William Faulkner Dont be afraid to give your best to what seemingly are small jobs. Every time you conquer one it makes you that much stronger. If you do the little jobs well, the big ones will tend to take care of themselves. —  Dale Carnegie Go confidently in the direction of your dreams! Live the life youve imagined.—  Henry David Thoreau There is only one corner of the universe you can be certain of improving, and thats your own self.—  Aldous Huxley More Quotes About Getting Better Of course, sometimes inspiration comes from philosophers, business people, and entertainers. No one really has a lock on the self-improvement gig. But its up to you to decide how to apply these quotes in your life. The will to win, the desire to succeed, the urge to reach your full potential... these are the keys that will unlock the door to personal excellence.— Confucius Become addicted to constant and never-ending self-improvement.—Anthony J. DAngelo Before everything else; getting ready is the secret of success. Dont find fault. Find a remedy.— Henry Ford Dont start living tomorrow, tomorrow never arrives. Start working on your dreams and ambitions today.  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Unknown Author Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better.— Emile Coue Look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see, and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious.—  Stephen Hawking God has entrusted me with myself.—  Epictetus Good, better, best; never let it rest till your good is better and your better is best.— Unknown Author Believe in yourself. Have faith in your abilities. Without a humble but reasonable confidence in your own powers, you cannot be successful or happy.—  Norman Vincent Peale Do the difficult things while they are easy and do the great things while they are small. A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step.— Lao Tzu

Immigration Is Up Of The United States - 1274 Words

Flora Ho Prof. Rocklin Hist 152 Essay Assignment Question 1 Immigration makes up of the United States. The life of an immigrant faces many struggles. Coming to the United States is a very difficult time for immigrant, especially when English is not their first language. In Oscar Handlin’s essay, Uprooted and Trapped: The One-Way Route to Modernity and Mark Wyman’s Coming and Going: Round Trip to America, both these essays describes the life of immigrants living in America and how they are able to make a decent amount of money to support their families. Handlin’s essay Uprooted and Trapped: The One - Way Route to Modernity explains how unskilled immigrants came to adapt to the American life working in factories to make a living. In the essay, Coming and Going: Round Trip to America, this essay describes the reality of many immigrants migrating to the United States in the midst of the Industrial Revolution. Many were living and adjusting to being transnational families. Both these essays show how the influx of immigration and industrialization contributed to the making of the United States. With the support from documents 3 and 7, Thomas O’ Donnell, Immigrant Thomas O’Donnell Laments the Worker’s Plight, 1883 and A Slovenian Boy Remembers Tales of the Golden Country, 1909, these documents will explain the life of an immigrant worker in the United States. Although, the United States was portrayed as the country for a better life and a new beginning, in reality, the UnitedShow MoreRelatedImmigration : The Ongoing Question1419 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration: The Ongoing Question It was estimated in 2014 that there were at least 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States. Illegal immigration has been in the headlines for the last ten years and will forever plague the United States of America. 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What Is Corporate Governance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7160 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Ideally, a responsible corporate governance system would promote shareholder wealth, restrict managerial shirking, protect minority shareholders and minimize controlling shareholders misappropriation of private benefits of control In Mauritius, the country has also witness some scandals such as the Air Mauritius saga and this was subsequently followed by the National Pension Fund scandal. Following public outcries, Government took the bold decision to pass the appropriate legislation for parastatal bodies to comply with the Code of Good Governance The Code of Good Governance was published in 2004 following the work of a Committee set out under the chairmanship of Tim Taylor. Although it is code, it has been given legal backing by various enactments such as the Companies Act and the Financial Reporting Council Act. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Is Corporate Governance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 1.2 Research Background Government felt the need to require parastatal bodies to comply with the code in view that massive amount of fund are channeled to these organizations for delivering an effective and efficient service to the public. Any shortcoming on the part of these organizations results in the poor utilization of public fund which above all is subject to greater accountability and transparency and is scrutinized by Parliament. It should be pointed out the Director of Audit, has over the years, given unfavorable reports on these organizations and the major issues that keep on repeating are delays in the preparation of the financial statement and the submission of the Annual Report which have to be laid before Parliament, thus openly defying the concept of accountability and transparency. This shortcoming is a pure reflection of the state of corporate practices in those organizations 1.3 Research Problem Although, Government has established the necessary framework for promoting good corporate governance in parastatal bodies, its implementation and consequently its resulting effects is taking time to materialize. This is substantiated by the fact that there has been only a marginal decrease in non compliance organizations as highlighted in the latest report of the Director of Audit (2011). In addition, the subject of compliance and performance of parastatal bodies is a regular subject of debate in both the parliament and in the Media. Presently there, 146 State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in Mauritius. Some of them operates within the framework as set out by their respective Act of Parliament while other operates within the framework of the Companies Act. 1.4 Aim of the Study The researchers aim is to investigate into the level and degree of good governance practices in parastatal bodies with a view to identify the cultural, organisational and individual changes and initiative that are required on the part of these organisations. In this respect the study will be carried out at the Mauritius Meat Authority and the Outer Island Development Corporation. The key features between the two organisations is that the MMA has all its operations carried out locally while the OIDC has all its operation being carried out in Agalega islands 1.5 Research Objectives The objectives of this dissertation are set out below: To assess and evaluate respondents knowledge and awareness of the requirement of the Code of Good Corporate Governance To assess and evaluate the extent that it is being implemented in their respective organizations To identify the factors and conditions that are inhibiting the effective implementation of the Code To make recommendations for the furtherance of good corporate governance in parastatal bodies 1.6 Research Questions In order to meet the research objectives, the following research questions will be addressed in this study: To what extent respondents are aware about the right and obligations of the Chairman, CEOS, the Board and Secretary as required by the Code? Does the organization have the appropriate framework for implementing good corporate governance? What factors and conditions are inhibiting the effective implementation of the Code 1.7 Significance of the study It expected that the outcomes of this research will provide practical solutions to the problems presently faced by parastatal bodies in furthering good corporate governance in particular training of board members, setting of audit committees, redefining the role of the internal audit, etc 1.8 Structure of the dissertation The dissertation report will be organized into 5 chapters. The areas and topics to be covered under each one are summarized below- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 states the problem statement, aim and objectives of the research. It gives a brief introduction of the subject under study and the significance of the dissertation. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Chapter 2 deals with the literature review on the subject of good corporate governance CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Chapter 3deals with the methodology used to carry out the survey It describes the objectives as well as the techniques that will be used during the various stages of the research CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS Chapter 4 deals with the analysis of data. The findings and inference drawn from the analysis will be fully elaborated and these will pave the way for drawing the appropriate conclusions and for making practical recommendations CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION Cha pter 5 contains the recommendations and conclusions that have been reached based on the results of the survey 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 ntroduction A number of recent corporate scandals are tainted by fraud. New regulations, as well as recommendations of corporate governance codes intend to reduce fraud and lawsuits have been introduced For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 resulted in major changes to compliance practices of listed companies in the USA requiring executive, boards of directors and external auditors to undertake measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting. The main advantages are that good-governed firms are less liable to fraud and lawsuits 2.2 What is corporate governance? Theoretical considerations Corporate governance is a very general phrase, denoting, as the Cadbury Report (1992), says, the system by which companies are directed and controlled. It is concerned with structures and the allocation of responsibilities within companies. More specifically, discussions on corporate governance have concentrated on the relations between the directors and managers of the corporation and other parties. Corporate governance is also concerned with the way in which corporations are governed and in particular the relationship between the management of a company and its shareholders. This focus in corporate governance has continued to underlie the provisions of subsequent corporate governance reports in the UK, including Greenbury Report (1995), Hampel Report (1998), Turnbull Report (1999), Higgs (2003), and Smith Report (2003). The OECD (1999) hints at a wider network of relationships, while maintaining the emphasis on the relationship between shareholder and director, defini ng corporate governance as: A set of relationships between a companys management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives Shleifer and Vishny (1997) propose a broad definition of corporate governance: corporate governance concerns the ways in which suppliers of funds and the corporations themselves ensure returns on investment. This definition is based on agency theory and the principal-agent relationship, which posits that the delegation of management responsibilities by the principal to the agent creates problems of adverse selection and moral hazard that result in agency costs: Using a similar approach, Picou and Rubach (2006) define corporate governance as the construction of rules, practices, and incentives to align effectively the interests of the agents (boards and managers) with those of the principals (capital suppliers). Kyereboah-Coleman and Biekpe (2006) view the set of legal protections (company laws, stock exchange listing rules, and accounting standards) as a way to both shape and be shaped by the system of corporate governance mechanisms in place An entrepreneur, or a manager, raises funds from investors either to put them to productive use or to cash out his holding in the firm. The financiers need the managers specialized human capital to generate returns on their funds. The manager needs the financiers funds, since he either does not have enough capital of his own to invest . According to Shleifer and Vishny (1997 the agency problem in this context refers to the difficulties financiers have in assuring that their funds are not expropriated or wasted on unattractive projects In order to minimize these agency costs, a good corporate governance system should provide some kind of legal protection for the rights of both large and small investors Good corporate governance shoul d provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interests of the company and shareholders and should facilitate effective monitoring, thereby encouraging firms to use resources more efficiently. The introduction of other stakeholders raises the question of where exactly the shareholders interests rank in terms of directors priorities, notwithstanding the emphasis subsequently placed on the primacy of shareholders interests in what the OECD perceives as good corporate governance. The corporate governance framework should recognize the rights of stakeholders as established by law and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises There are many views on the scope and perspective of good corporate governance .One view assumes that the corporation serves purely as an agency for wealth-maximization for all concerned. The shareholder s interests are assumed to be synonymous with those of the company (objectives that are in the interests of the company and shareholders) and the role and interests of stakeholders are narrowly defined in terms of economic activity (wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises). Another view is stakeholders are carefully defined in close legal terms: only rights protected by law whether through contract or by statute need be respected. Wider, non-statutory or non-contractual relationships are not considered in this framework Some authors have also pointed that corporate governance cannot be dealt with in an abstract model, as it is a product of hierarchal, cultural, and political systems. Also, any model or a governance structure must entail the four basic ingredients namely: accountability, independence, transparency, and integrity. It is evident that these components are interdependent and cannot be isolated or separated. Separation of ownership and control Corporate governance refers to internal and external monitoring mechanisms that have an impact on the decision of managers in the context of separation of ownership and control. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) illustrate corporate governance as how to make sure managers do not shirk or steal capital from the firm or make bad investments. Berle and Means (1932) were of the view that the separation of ownership and control constitutes agency problems between managers and the suppliers of capital Suppliers of capital want to know how managers take care of their money and maximize shareholder wealth and how to prevent them from consuming perks, such as expenses in favor of managers that do not necessarily maximizes shareholders wealth. Jensen and Meckling (1976) consider the firm as a nexus of contracts in which the conflicting objectives of managers and shareholders (and other participants) are brought in equilibrium within a framework of contractual relationships. Wit hin this setting, Macey (1998) establishes the need for corporate governance principles because of the incomplete nature of corporate contracts and the need to control managerial shirking and to control agency costs. Several mechanisms can be used to overcome the problems associated with separation of ownership and control: alignment of shareholders interest with managerial interests (compensation plans, stock options, bonus schemes); board monitoring by large shareholders and lenders; legal protection of (minority) shareholders from managerial expropriation through shareholder rights and the market for corporate control as an external device. Practices of good corporate governance Durnev and Kim (2005) analyzed potential determinants of CG practices. They investigated how certain attributes of firms influence their choice of CG practices and how they interact with the legal environment in which they operate. Their theoretical model yields three predictions confirmed by their empirical evidence: The three main attributes that make firms adopt good CG practices are their growth opportunities, their need for external funding, both debt and equity, and their concentration of ownership. The market value of firms increases with good CG practices. The adoption of good CG practices is most relevant in countries where investor legal protection is poor. Anand et al. (2006) empirically examined the adoption of recommended CG guidelines in Canada and found an increasing voluntary adoption and convergence of good CG practices over time. Their results suggest that the presence of a majority shareholder or an executive block holder is negatively associated with good CG practices Legalizing good corporate governance A number of recent corporate scandals are tainted by fraud. New regulations, as well as recommendations of corporate governance codes intend to reduce fraud and lawsuits in the future. For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 resulted i n major changes to compliance practices of listed companies in the USA requiring executive, boards of directors and external auditors to undertake measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting. The main device is that good-governed firms are less liable to fraud and lawsuits. The main focus of regulators and corporate governance reforms is the constitution and duties of audit committees in order to reduce financial accounting frauds. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) recommends that firms should have an independent audit committee that operates independently of management, have financial experience, meet regularly, and review the integrity of financial reports. Corporate governance is concerned with the way in which corporations are governed and in particular in the United Kingdom the relationship between the management of a company and its shareholders. The introduction of other stakeholders raises the qu estion of where exactly the shareholders interests rank in terms of directors priorities, notwithstanding the emphasis subsequently placed on the primacy of shareholders interests in what the OECD perceives as good corporate governance. The OECD to some extent answers this question, in its remarks on the role of stakeholders: The corporate governance framework should recognise the rights of stakeholders as established by law and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises. 2.3 Need for good corporate governance. Good corporate governance should provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interests of the company and shareholders and should facilitate effective monitoring, thereby encouraging firms to use resources more efficiently. The introduction of other stakeholders raises the question of where exactly the shareholders interests rank in terms of directors priorities, notwithstanding the emphasis subsequently placed on the primacy of shareholders interests in what the OECD perceives as good corporate governance. The corporate governance framework should recognize the rights of stakeholders as established by law and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises There are many views on the scope and perspective of good corporate governance .One view assumes that the corporation serves purely as an agency for wealth-maximization fo r all concerned. The shareholders interests are assumed to be synonymous with those of the company (objectives that are in the interests of the company and shareholders) and the role and interests of stakeholders are narrowly defined in terms of economic activity (wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises). 2.4 Separation of ownership and control Corporate governance refers to internal and external monitoring mechanisms that have an impact on the decision of managers in the context of separation of ownership and control. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) illustrate corporate governance as how to make sure managers do not shirk or steal capital from the firm or make bad investments. The separation of ownership and control (Berle and Means, 1932) constitutes agency problems between managers and the suppliers of capital Suppliers of capital want to know how managers take care of their money and maximize shareholder wealth and how to prevent them from consuming perks, such as expenses in favor of managers that do not necessarily maximizes shareholders wealth. Jensen and Meckling (1976) consider the firm as a nexus of contracts in which the conflicting objectives of managers and shareholders (and other participants) are brought in equilibrium within a framework of contractual relationships. Within this setting, Macey (1998) estab lishes the need for corporate governance principles because of the incomplete nature of corporate contracts and the need to control managerial shirking and to control agency costs. Several mechanisms can be used to overcome the problems associated with separation of ownership and control: alignment of shareholders interest with managerial interests (compensation plans, stock options, bonus schemes); board monitoring by large shareholders and lenders; legal protection of (minority) shareholders from managerial expropriation through shareholder rights and the market for corporate control as an external device. 2.5 Composition of the Board The board composition decision allocates board seats over the set of potential board members, which include the stakeholder representatives as well as professional managers and board members. Boards are normally elected by the owners, but in some countries other stakeholders (employees, governments) also appoint board members. Owners delegate many decision rights concerning corporate values to the board. In companies that separate ownership and control this implies that managers play a pivotal role in creating or changing corporate value systems, and that the composition of the board is a key determinant of this process. Legally, board members share a joint responsibility to all shareholders (and creditors), but organizational theorists (Jones and Goldberg, 1982; Evan and Freeman) have argued that board members may also serve as agents for specific stakeholders, a dual role, which may sometimes conflict with their fiduciary duty. For example, employee representatives (which are man datory in countries like Germany (Charkham, 1994)) may take a special interest in labor conditions. 2.6 The corporate value function Corporate values can be defined, in a classical sense, as beliefs that help companies make choices among available means and ends (Rockeach, 1973), or more technically, as the weight which corporate decision makers attach to alternative goals when making their decisions. Alternative goals could be accounting profitability, stock returns, customer value, market share, company growth, employee satisfaction, supplier surplus or measures of corporate social performance (like image, environmental impact, tax revenue). They could be present or future values of these variables to capture a trade off between the short and the long run (Fama and Jensen, 1985). They can be probabilistic to capture different attitudes towards risk (Sitkin and Pablo, 1992Effectively, they can even encompass the weight, which managers attach to their personal goals (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). For example, if the managers of a company value empire building, and if this inclination is not checked by shareholders or stakeholders, growth and diversification goals may effectively belong to the corporate value system.and they may be even more important in private corporations. Finally, the board will need to take non-owner stakeholder considerations into account, even if shareholder value remains the overall goal. And again one way to do this is to include representatives from the relevant constituencies. 2.7 Implicit contracts with stakeholders There is a need for companies to internalize stakeholder concerns is to increase their creditability and trustworthiness through implicit contracts based on reputation (Fombrun and Shanley, 1990; Kay, 1995) and corporate culture (Kreps, 1990) or socialization (Scott and Lane, 2000). Reputation may be built by consistent behavior over a long period of time and facilitated by communication (Fombrun, 1996). Following Kreps (1990), a reputation for honesty is a valuable asset which will be lost if the company is not truthful, which implies an economic incentive to honesty. Commitments to employee satisfaction, customer value and creditor protection may also be a valuable, self-sustainable assets. Arrow (1973), Sen (1993) and others have argued that ethical codes may improve economic efficiency when other social institutions fail to achieve optimal results, in particular, the classic market failures when the firm has access to unique information (Arrow, 1973). 2.8 Corporate Governance and Performance The shareholder model, the ultimate goal of the firm is to maximize shareholder wealth and corporate governance has to be seen as a mechanism to realize this goal. As a consequence, supporters of this concept expect a positive relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. According to Maher and Andersson, 2002, firms that do not adopt cost-minimizing corporate governance mechanisms are less efficient and will be taken over or replaced in the long-run Conventional wisdom on corporate governance predicts that good corporate governance increases firm valuation and firm performance and reduces the cost of capital and financial fraud. A widely accepted statement is that good corporate governance results in a lower cost of capital. One explanation is that good corporate governance will lead to lower firm risk and subsequently to a lower cost of capital. Using various measures of corporate governance, researchers have examined the extent to which corporate gover nance environment is related to the firms financial performance (Gompers et al., 2003; Bebchuck et al., 2009; Klein et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2006; Brown and Caylor, 2006) Generally, their results tend to show that good corporate governance practices, as measured by different variables, are positively associated with financial performance although the associations are not very strong. Among the indicators that are significantly related to firm financial performance are: All directors attend at least 75 percent of board meetings Board members are elected annually; Board guidelines are in each proxy statement; The firm has either no poison pill or else a shareholder-approved one; Re-pricing did not occur within the last three years; Average options granted in the last three years as a percentage of basic shares outstanding did not exceed 3 percent; Directors are subject to stock ownership guidelines (Bebchuck et al., 2009; Brown and Caylor, 2006); and The boa rd is more than 50 percent controlled by independent outside directors (Black et al., 2006). According to the shareholder model, the ultimate goal of the firm is to maximize shareholder wealth and corporate governance has to be seen as a mechanism to realize this goal. As a consequence, supporters of this concept expect a positive relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. Firms that do not adopt cost-minimizing corporate governance mechanisms are less efficient and will be taken over or replaced in the long-run (Maher and Andersson, 2002). Conventional wisdom on corporate governance predicts that good corporate governance increases firm valuation and firm performance and reduces the cost of capital and financial fraud. Corporate governance ratings From the literature review, corporate governance ratings seemed to concentrate on the following general categories: board characteristics; ownership structure; compensation plans; anti-takeover devices; financial disclosure; internal controls; and director education (Allen et al., 2004). Corporate governance cannot be dealt with in an abstract model, as it is a product of hierarchal, cultural, and political systems. Also, any model or a governance structure must entail the four basic ingredients namely: accountability, independence, transparency, and integrity. It is evident that these components are interdependent and cannot be isolated or separated. Corporate governance refers to internal and external monitoring mechanisms that have an impact on the decision of managers in the context of separation of ownership and control. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) illustrate corporate governance as how to make sure managers do not shirk or steal capital from the firm or make bad investments. The separation of ownership and control (Berle and Means, 1932) constitutes agency problems between managers and the suppliers of capital. Suppliers of capital want to know how man agers take care of their money and maximize shareholder wealth and how to prevent them from consuming perks, such as expenses in favor of managers that do not necessarily maximizes shareholders wealth. Jensen and Meckling (1976) consider the firm as a nexus of contracts in which the conflicting objectives of managers and shareholders (and other participants) are brought in equilibrium within a framework of contractual relationships. Within this setting, Macey (1998) establishes the need for corporate governance principles because of the incomplete nature of corporate contracts and the need to control managerial shirking and to control agency costs. Several mechanisms can be used to overcome the problems associated with separation of ownership and control: alignment of shareholders interest with managerial interests (compensation plans, stock options, bonus schemes); board monitoring by large shareholders and lenders; legal protection of (minority) shareholders from managerial expropriation through shareholder rights and the market for corporate control as an external device. Within the paradigm of the shareholder model, the ultimate goal of the firm is to maximize shareholder wealth and corporate governance has to be seen as a mechanism to realize this goal. As a consequence, supporters of this concept expect a positive relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. Firms that do not adopt cost-minimizing corporate governance mechanisms are less efficient and will be taken over or replaced in the long-run (Maher and Andersson, 2002). Most organizations that sell corporate governance ratings refer to this relationship. Larcker et al. (2004) find that corporate governance variables have weak explanatory power for explaining management decisions or firm valuation. Further, they find some unexpected, opposite relationships, such as: firms with large boards, busy directors and anti-takeover provisions are showing better debt ratings. St ructural indicators of corporate governance used in empirical research and rating agencies tend to have limited ability to explain managerial behavior and firm valuation. A widely accepted statement is that good corporate governance results in a lower cost of capital. One explanation is that good corporate governance will lead to lower firm risk and subsequently to a lower cost of capital. Although historic financial performance can be factored in predicting future performance but it is definitely not the only factor that must be counted. This necessitated the need for a financial scorecard that gives the investor a guideline on the financial status of an enterprise. As the twenty first century economy can be characterized as a dynamic one, a way to measure adaptability to sustained customer satisfaction is becoming indispensable. Leadership that is courageous, willing to adapt to changing economic environment and equipped with common-sense can be considered the choice of tomo rrows leading companies Methods of assessment During the last few years, several rating systems have been proposed and implemented. The most recognized of which are the four rating services that provide metrics that rank the quality of the firms directors. These rating services are: Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS); Standard and Poor (SP); Governance Metric International (GMI); and The Corporate Library (TCL). These systems are based what is known as the Scoreboard. The main objectives of the scoreboard system are:to facilitate the work of analysts and investors though a systematic and easy overview of all relevant issues of good governance;enable companies to easily assess the reach and the quality of their own governance situation; and allow to set minimum scores by investors for governance as part of general investment policy. Category 1: Board structure and accountability The pure fact that the board and executives structure exists on the score board rating system is in itself a positive sign as it ensures some kind of improvements and adjustments after each report card is issued for the company. The following topics are considered in this category include: independency of board members; board size; board attendance; chairman/CEO separation; directors serving on boards of other companies; composition of audit committees, nominating committees and compensation committees; annual election of the board of directors; disclosure of corporate governance guidelines and code of conducts and ethics; share ownership of executive directors. Board structure refers mainly to the composition of the board of directors. Rating agencies evaluate firms with more independent (no affiliated) board members higher than firms with less independent board members. Independent board members may be more critical towards ethical and fraud issues, as well as restructuring activities than dependent members. However, it is questionable whether mor e independent board members would improve firm performance (Bhagat and Jefferis, 2002). For example: Former non-executive directors have the knowledge and expertise in the company and business environment that enable them to advise incumbent management. Other topics in this field are disclosure of corporate governance guidelines and codes of conducts and ethics. More disclosure means a higher ranking. However, a firm that discloses information about corporate governance or codes of conduct and ethics (stated preferences) will not necessary act in favor of these guidelines (revealed preferences). Further, the number of meetings and attendance is counted. A high attendance means that the firm is better governed. However, not the number of meetings and attendance is important, but the content of discussion and items on the agenda are indicators of good corporate governance. Category 2: Executive and director compensation In this category, the following topics are rated: lev el and form of compensation; performance evaluation criteria; independence and integrity of compensation setting process; shareholder approval of compensation policy; pension plans; option-repricing policy; directors and executives are subject to stock ownership guidelines; presence of company loans to employees. Fixed and variable compensation policies and practices that reward management with little regard to for shareholder interest indicate weak, ineffective board. When long-term compensation is tie to shareholder returns then it is considered good governance. Recently, many CEOs salaries exceeded the one million dollars barrier and their compensation plans include bonus and variable pays in form of stocks and stock options. Such conditions are a recipe for bad governance. This category is not examined thoroughly in any of the four systems. In our view, a compensation plan should be related to the corporate performance and performance of peer companies. Category 3: Audit The crucial issue in this category is the audit committee (Yakhou and Dorweiler, 2005). Who appoints it, its mandate, and its authority? Are the members of the audit committee independent and do they discuss financial issues on a regular base with the external auditor? Category 4: Shareholder rights and takeover practice In this category, the following issues are considered: one-share, one vote system; a simple majority vote of shareholders is required to amend the charter or bylaws; shareholders may call special meetings; shareholders may act by written consent; presence of a majority shareholder and staggered board, Interdependences among variables Agrawal and Knoeber (1996) showed the importance of interrelations among different control mechanisms. They examined different corporate control mechanisms, such as insider shareholdings, monitoring by large shareholdings and lenders, independency of boards, external labor market, and the market for corporate control. They mentioned that when alternatives exist, the use of one corporate control mechanism may depend on the use of others. Therefore, empirical estimates of the influence that single corporate control mechanisms have on firm performance will likely be misleading. If variables are endogenous (because of interdependences), the results are not reliable. And that is exactly what happens with the use of a single corporate governance index. Bhagat and Jefferis (2002) argue that takeover defenses, corporate performance, corporate ownership structure are interrelated and should be studied by simultaneous equations. Using a simple index ignores interdependences among different corporate governance mechanisms. 2.9 Corporate Governance in Mauritius Mauritius has chosen as its economic model a version of the free market economy. The driving force of the model is investment by the Private Sector. Government sets the rules, provides the physical and social infrastructures and it is the private sector that creates wealth employment. A system of corporate governance is required to keep a balance between the interest of the outside investors, the entrepreneurs and the management. Furthermore, there are other stakeholders, employees, customers, suppliers, banks and society in general whose interest has to be taken into account. Governance has been an issue in Mauritius and elsewhere for many years. Mauritius has institutions, some guaranteed by the constitution and others by legislation and rules, which act watchdog against corruption and malpractices to ensure implementation of good governance principles. These include: The National Audit Office and an effective system of internal and external audit for all ministers/departme nts. The Independent Commission Against corruption (ICAC) which acts as a watchdog against corruption and wrong doings. The Ombudsman Office with large constitutional power to enquire into administrative malpractices. A free and highly critical media gives a large and detailed coverage of all government activities. Public Procurement Laws ensure that there is fair, equitable and transparent mechanism in the allocation of contracts funded by public funds. The newly created Office of Public sector Governance (under the aegis of the Prime Ministers Office) has a vision of making Mauritian Public Sector organisations become model of good corporate governance. Its mission is to inculcate, advocate and promote good corporate governance practices in the public sector. There is the Code of Ethics for Public Officers issued by the Ministry of Civil Service and Administrative Reforms. However, it was in 2001 that Sushil Kushiram, the then Minister of Finance, Economic Dev elopment and Financial Services, decided that as part of the modernization of the economy, it was time to create a legal and institutional framework that would give an up o tune and efficient system of governance. A number of initiatives were put in place. The committee of CG was formed, the listing rules of SEM were put in place, a new Companies Act was pressed and International Accounting Standard was introduced. This series continued and we had the Financial Reporting Act which amongst other things provided for the setting up of the National Committee on CG-NCCG, the service commission was set up and in 2009, the Mauritius Institute of Directors was launched. The NCCG, as its first task, prepared the code of Corporate Governance for Mauritius which was launched in 2003.The code is on a Comply or explain basis and in 2009, the NCCG commissioned a survey on the state of compliance was high in private companies at 83% but very low in State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) at 44%.SOEs are th e stewards of public money and it is very desirable thus levels of governance be improved in these organizations. The NCCG is currently working with the National Audit office and the office for the public sector Governance to find out how this can be improved, Taylor (2011) 2.10 Conclusion Corporate governance remains a complex and dynamic issue as it deals with cultural, political, technological, and market variations. From the above literature review, it can be noted that the debates on corporate governance is still an evolving issue and that research are being carried out on the various facets of corporate governance. 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 3.1 Introduction The previous chapter was concerned with a review of current literature to identify the dimensions and to develop a survey questionnaire to collect the primary data to answer the research question and to achieve the aim of this study. This chapter explains in details the methodology used in gathering the necessary information to conduct the research study. It highlights the sources of data, the survey design, and the data analysis method employed. The steps which are necessary to conduct a research have also been highlighted. The overall aims were to plan and carry out the study in a systematic manner so as to achieve a high degree of reliability and validity of the findings. 3.2 Purpose of the Research As mentioned in Chapter 1, this study is on assessing the implementation of good corporate governance in parastatal bodies. The finding of the research will make a significant contribution toward improving corporate governance in parastatal bodies in particular at the Outer Island Development Corporation and the Mauritius Meat Authority. 3.3 Scope of the Research The aim of this research is to enhance the good practice of corporate governance in parastatal bodies.. 3.4 Research Philosophy The research philosophy is considered to be critical to any empirical research because the research philosophy dictates the type or research method and strategy to be adopted. Saunders et al (2009) argue that positivism and interpretivism are the two dominant research philosophies in business management. They argue that the interpretivism is about the way people make sense of the world whereas the positivism is into the form of a universal law. For this study an interpretivism philosophy has been adopted because it is considered to be the most appropriate one to answer the research question of the study as it involves the interpretation of a situation involving the human element. 3.5 Research Approach According to Saunder, Lewis and Thornhill (2007), research can be either inductive or deductive. The inductivism is based on the development of a theory after analysis of the primary data. The benefit of this approach, it takes a holistic view of the situation before the formulation of the theory. However, for the purpose of this study it has been considered most appropriate to adopt a deductive approach where the research started with testing the existing theories. The deductivism is about testing the theories and is more appropriate for the natural sciences. The benefits of this approach for this study are to make use of theories to explain a situation, the cause effect relationship and the data collected is of a quantitative nature. 3.6 Type of Research Approaches There are three type of research. These are detailed below Exploratory research Exploratory research is a type of research conducted when a problem has been clearly defined. It helps determining the best research design, selection of subjects, data collection method. Secondary research is therefore based on exploratory research. Hence, research that is conducted with an intention to explore is called exploratory research. Descriptive research Descriptive research describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. If the purpose of the research is to describe, then the study is considered to be descriptive in nature. It basically gives the researcher a choice of perspective, terms, levels, aspects, concepts, as well as to observe, register, systemize, classify and interpret. Explanatory research The desire to know why to explain is the purpose of explanatory research. Explanatory research is applied when the issue is already known and has a description of it. Furthermore it builds on exploratory and descriptive research and goes on to identify the reasons for something that occurs. Explanatory research looks for causes and reasons. 3.7 Research Methods The two research methods identified in the literature are the qualitative and quantitative research methods. Both have its merits and limitations but the choice between the two depends on the purpose of the study and the type and the availability of information. The qualitative method is commonly used to measure views, attitudes, feelings and opinions. It has been criticized for its subjectivity in the way data is interpreted. The interpretation is based on the researcher and the instrument used. This study has used the quantitative approach for the analysis of the data. All the dimensions forming part of the study are measured in quantitative terms. The quantitative approach supports the deductive strategy as the theory is placed at the beginning of the research and is tested through set of questions. This approach has been favored for its objectivity. 3.8 Research Strategy The research strategy presents a plan of how the research question has been answered. There are several strategies that can be adopted to generate the primary data. For this study, a survey method has been adopted because it allows the gathering of a large volume of data in a short time. According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007), a research could be explanatory, exploratory and descriptive. This research is both an exploratory (i.e. review of the literature) and explanatory (analysis of data and making conclusion there from) research 3.9 The Research Process The research process will be completed in six steps are mentioned as under: Identifying the research problem Defining the research problem Determining how to conduct the research or the method Collecting research data before analyzing Interpreting the data Presenting the results 3.10 Data Access For this study, the sources of data have been primary data to answer the research questions. In the initial phase of the research, the literature review was carried in journals, publications and internet that reflect the topic of the study. The primary data was generated through the self administered questionnaire to trainees. 3.11 Census/ Sample The population consists of 160 parastatal bodies. However, survey deals with only two parastatal bodies. The rational for choosing the two parastatal bodies is that one has over the years a very good track record, i.e. it has an unqualified audit report. It prepares its account on time as well as its Annual Reports, whereas the other one has been adversely reported by the auditors and there are delays in preparation of its account and Annual Report. 3.13 Questionnaire Design The questions in the questionnaires (refer to appendix) are designed and adapted on research papers and articles on the QFD models. The questionnaire is based on three factors. The questionnaire was designed in such a way to capture the respondents needs and their perception of the quality of the training. Respondents were given a series of statements where they will be required to opine on the degree of agreement and disagreement on each of the statement on a rating scale of 1 to 5 as set out below: 1- Disagree 2- Disagree 3- Neutral 4- Agree 5- Strongly agree 3.14 Pre-Testing A pre-testing was done prior to launching a full-scale survey. It is important to identify flaws and weaknesses towards improving the questionnaire to ensure the reliability and validity. Even minor mistakes are important as it can cause great changes in meaning and interpretation. A pre-testing was carried out on 6 potential respondents including 2 experts. Suggestion from the respondents were sought which helped to refining the questionnaire. Initially, some questions were removed, as the respondents stated that the questionnaire was too lengthy and time consuming. The questionnaire has been reviewed and amended accordingly prior to launching full-scale survey. 3.15 Data Collection Method From information available at the MSB , the questionnaires were forwarded by both the internet and by post to the 60 trainees A total of 42 questionnaires were received but only 39 were found valid and reliable. These has been used to conduct the analysis 3.16 Data Analysis All the completed questionnaire were screened to establish their consistency, reliability, validity, accuracy, uniformity and completeness. The data collected during the survey was computed using the statistical package SPSS 16.0. The data analysis tools used were the mean, standard deviation and the excel for graph presentation. 3.17 Ethical Consideration The research was conducted by taking into account all ethical issues as there is the involvement of human beings. The risk of injury or health hazard was not an issue as no equipment was used. The confidentiality and anonymity of respondents were assured. They were not asked to relate their names or addresses. The questionnaire carried a covering letter to inform them about the purpose of the research. The approval letter from management was forwarded together with the questionnaire to ensure transparency. In the covering letter it was well stated that the purpose of this survey was for the presentation of a dissertation for a degree award. Moreover, they were informed that, no part of the research will be published without the authorization from management. The respondents act in their free will and there was no personal influence or pressure has been used. 3.18 Conclusion This chapter has given a detailed description of the methodology used for this research to generate the primary data to answer the research question of this study. The purpose of the research was defined and research methods used (exploratory, explanatory and descriptive). The research strategy has been a survey. The method used is the quantitative to measure the dimensions in quantitative terms. The instrument used was a closed ended questionnaire where respondents were required to express their level of agreement or disagreement with the statements. The next chapter will present the findings of the analysis of the primary data and a discussion will follow on the findings of the study.

Eminent Domain Use and Abuse Essay Example

Essays on Eminent Domain Use and Abuse Essay The paper "Eminent Domain Use and Abusee" is an outstanding example of an essay on law. Governments are empowered by the law to assume control of the private property for public use, thus constituting the eminent domain. However, in proclaiming eminent domain there are procedures that must be followed for a smooth proclaim (Levy, 2013). Firstly the government must declare a public need by identifying a scarcity in providing and accessing certain public services. Secondly, the government must prove that the intended public utility is of much value that the private utility. Thirdly, the government makes an offer to the owner for compensation. Finally, the government attempts to negotiate a fair value with the owner to purchase the property (Merriam and Ross, 2006). In case the owner does not wish to sell on eminent domain, the government will file a court action in order to exercise eminent domain. The court will schedule a hearing in which the government must demonstrate that it tried to acquire the property in good faith and for public use but no agreement was reached. If the petition favors the government, the process of establishing a fair market value for the property takes place and the required payments are made. Either party may appeal the decision in case the owner of the property is not satisfied with the outcome or the government fails in its petition (Levy, 2013).Government zoning, unlike eminent domain the government does not need to compensate the affected property owners. This is because zoning only entails restricting a certain area to a specific nature of utility. In addition, assuming control of a property through police power the property owner is also not compensated (Merriam and Ross, 2006).In conclusion, two good examples of cases that demonstrate eminent domain are the Harvey Cedar v. Karan case where Harvey acquired a third of Karan’s property and constructed a 22-foot high dune and offered $300.00 compensation. The second case is Kelo v. The city of New London where the court agreed with the Connecticut Municipality to take the privately owned real property of Kelo and other families for a comprehensive development plan.

Leadership Analysis Free Essays

Running head: SCHOLARSHIP, PRACTICE, AND LEADERSHIP Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Cory A. Muhammad University of Phoenix Education and Information Literacy In a US society where information literacy is considered a luxury and not a human right enables intellectual illiteracy limits to be pushed to the max. It’s a nightmare how some can be deceived and taken advantage of or even locked out of opportunities by those who demonstrate the use of information literacy. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The desire for current and upcoming generations desiring access to information through text is becoming scarce. Researchers found that current and possible future generations would rather watch videos or tutorials instead of reading information found in text materials. â€Å"Experts suggested that they preferred to view information rather than read it, and so tended to choose information that was graphically represented rather than just text-based† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Today within the environment of education we are experiencing an increasing need for individuals to take interests in their own learning and exposure to information literacy for a variety of reasons: a) It gives learners the ability to become exposed to higher education and technology b) Enables learners to communicate (using technology) in an educational setting, and c) Prepares students to relate to the various generations of learners. In this essay I will discuss how information literacy relates to the scholar/practitioner/leadership model. Higher Education and Technology Anyone pursuing higher education will have to get use to the ideal of incorporating scholar practice of information literacy. As learners grow stronger in the use of information literacy, we can expose ourselves to higher educational opportunities such as Universities, trade colleges, skill centers, or career enhancement programs. Once an individual can be exposed to the various information located in most libraries all information retrieved completely enhances all researched subjects and allows for more profound subject content. In higher education information literacy plays a major role in the use of technology. Technology is an essential learning tool used amongst students and professionals today. Information illiteracy can lead to the mis-understanding and fear of technology. Information illiteracy can ultimately cause generational gaps in communication as-well. When one generation has not adequately prepared for the trend of another generation (generation X) vs. (Generation Y), this is a clear indication of information illiteracy. The new generation communicates in an integrated way, leveraging the technology that’s available. However libraries and other information providers â€Å"have fundamental problems in adapting†, â€Å"They’re not keeping up with the demand of these researchers, who live in the wider internet space,† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Education and Communication Using Technology Computer literacy, Internet literacy, e-mail functionality, search engine and data base literacy are a few amongst a huge arena of technology functions in our ever changing world we live in. Information literacy allows learners the opportunity to become literate in the world of technology and the use of wonderful tools to gain better performance in processing day to day tasks. The flipside to this same coin is information illiteracy prevents people from knowing about the reality of technology and its benefit. Information literacy ultimately improves the learner’s quality of life as they are being exposed to superior methods of functioning, as well as make themselves marketable from possessing education. â€Å"Most are not even aware of the potential help that is available to them. Libraries, which provide the best access point to information for most U. S. citizens, are left untapped by those who most need help to improve their quality of life† (â€Å"Association of College Research Libraries,† 1989). Communication Channels to Transcend Generations Information literacy ensures opportunity for open communication channels between different generations of learners, or leadership teams. Adequate communications through information literacy develops leadership amongst the educational atmosphere. The one who has the ability to relate to the various generations can easily emerge from the groups as a leader. Learning and professional environments benefit a great deal when an open line of communications exists between generations incorporating, wisdom, knowledge, desire, energy, and perspective. Information literacy allows for generations to be aware of each others benefit, but also rely on each other for constant innovation and progress. Information illiteracy will only promote detraction from any information or understanding of various generations and a low desire for people to pursue higher education. â€Å"There is a danger of a new elite developing in our country: the information elite† (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Information literacy on the other hand, promotes the desire of individuals to continue to pursuing knowledge, and learning. In conclusion, the articles researched on information literacy revealed the current condition in our country regarding information illiteracy. Grades K-12, secondary, post secondary, graduate and even doctoral learning suffers from information il literacy. Students not engaging in intense research fail to use credible sources that handicap their ability to broaden their knowledge on specific subject matter. Students’ abilities to incorporate diverse forms of information literacy will enhance their educational experience and make it a more lifelong and fulfilling learning experience. By restructuring the learning process learners can develop skills to become practitioners of information literacy. Information literacy helps set up various frameworks for individuals to resolve moral dilemmas. The continued development of information literacy models could provide students and professionals within organizations the relatable life skills required for the scholar/practitioner/leadership model. References: Association of College Research Libraries. (1989). Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. Retrieved from http://news. ala. org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential. cfm#opp. on June 7, 2009. Lauer, S. , Yodanis, C. (2004, July). The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP): A Tool for Teaching with an International Perspective. Teaching Sociology, 32(3), 304-313. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from SocINDEX with Full Text database. Venkatraman, A. (2009, How to cite Leadership Analysis, Essays

Contemporary Decision Making Housing Problem in Namibia

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Decision Making for Housing Problem in Namibia. Answer: Introduction The report discusses about the problems that arises in the housing policies and mapping them with the economic, environmental, health and social problems. A wide range of policy of housing and stakeholders analysis is done to find the problems and learn about them. There are many complexities associated with the housing, the house have a great deal of importance to the peoples life (Mulliner, Smallbone and Maliene 2013). There are many policies developed for housing and a wide range of agents can affect the changes of house and the policy might fail sometimes because there are limitation in understanding the policies and implementation in the right field. These incorporate the less income of the country and distribution of the income in the country is skewed and thus it results in a larger part of the population living in poverty. The people needs to enhance housing moderateness; utilizing housing development and the real estate business sector to animate financial development; and diminishing wellbeing disparities through housing mediations (Shapiro and Stefkovich 2016). Thus the new contemporary decision making approach is applied on the housing and research is done on the policies of equity, health and sustainability to integrate the quantitative and qualitative knowledge. The report discusses about understanding the complex system that links the housing, health and energy altogether and identifying their impact. Background There is a huge rise in price of the raw materials required for building the house and thus the overall cost of housing also increases. The increase in the price is analyzed using a system dynamic approach and is used in the multiple levels of pricing policy of housing. The market of real estate is much complex compared to any other market and the proper analysis is done on the supply of money, price of the construction material, liquidity, etc. The houses are a major source of emission of CFC gas and effective policies can be applied for the reduction of this emission. Policies can also be applied for finding alternative sources of energy and efficiently manage the GHG emission (Sidle et al. 2013). There are many complexities in the life of the people and there are agents who are responsible for the changing the house and making it an important area for the resistance of policy (Humphrey 2014). There are many other problems related to housing such as the rise in cost of the lands, l abor and specializations. The applied policy can be may have limitation to reach the objective or fail to obtain desired outcome because there are complex system of implementation. Cost is also an important factor for the designing the housing and maintaining the complex relationship with the public health issues. There are separate agenda of de-carbonization and different sector of the government are working to achieve the goal for housing (Jacobs and Manzi 2013). It includes the cost of the land and the demand of the raw materials is also increasing and the suppliers face a lot of problem in managing the system. New technique can be applied for decision making in housing. Research has been done or the creation and application of different policies for health, sustainability and equity and integrate them with the collaborative process of learning. Alternative policies can be designed and the system is described and converted to different levels. The system dynamic model has tools that can be used to study the complex factor in the system and helps in the dynamic modeling of the system. Principal Findings The housing prices are affected by two different factors and they are divided in two categories such as macro and micro. The macro factor affects the monetary policy and their roles in the housing policy. To find the inflation of the housing market the rates of the market are analyzed and the shares of the factors affecting the housing inflation are calculated. Utilizing participatory framework dynamic modeling a wide scope of industry, strategy, group and scholastic partners in the region of Namibia housing can be combined together. Setting up a prosperity structure for bearing in mind the strategies about housing that joins social, mental, natural, physical and monetary prosperity; cooperatively built up an underlying complex subjective framework elements model made up of seven segments (Kahrik, Leetmaa and Tammaru 2012). It is recognized as a common arrangement of principles in contradiction of which it can be quantified and looked at the future proposed architecture of the housin g proposal, paying little respect to the essential goal of those strategies (Bernroider and Schmollerl 2013). Past studies on the utilized framework flow demonstrating to comprehend particular parts of the housing framework, especially markets, development and moderateness. Likewise, there have been different studies which have surveyed a portion of the healthy outcomes of strategies to diminish the green house gas discharge from the house. The knowledge that is collaborative enabled the Namibian housing policy stakeholders and the architects associated with the plan to move further than the decision making focuses on the objective policy singly e.g: reduction of the carbon footprint and addressing the poverty in fuel (Cornforth and Brown 2013). The CLD or the casual loop diagram is applied for the demonstration of the utility of the contemporary decision making and also revealing the result of its participation. The housing provision, wellbeing and energy is understood as a complex system and it is the first step to identify the effective policy and information is collected according to the support the policy option that needs to be applied (Verschuere and De Corte 2014). Limitations The casual loop diagrams are valid for a limited period of time and they reflect the stakeholders knowledge combining it with some literature review. The CLD are designed to demonstrate the current process and the improvements that can be applied for the current practice for decision making of the Namibian housing (Sharma, Mithas and Kankanhalli 2014). Further research work is expected to examine the questioned and concurred connections uniting the finest accessible information and examination, going for a framework that backings replication and investigation choices instead of pointing the expectation. Implementation of the Research and Policy The application of CLD is discussed and the proposal of the stakeholders in the policy is impended and recommended. The successful de-carbonization of the Namibian housing stocks requires an establishment of the cross government group rapidly such that a meaningful system is developed that have thinking capability (Gauja 2015). The group is suggested to be supported with a committee that advises about the improvement of the policy. The community standards can be strengthened connecting it socially with the stakeholders. A major part of the map gives suggestion for the improvement of the tenure in the rental sector to strengthen the beneficial loop for de-carbonization and wellbeing (Hollihan and Baaske 2015). However there is a possibility that the mixed tenure would lead to an increase in the number of community connection. Problem Statement The housing prices are rapidly increasing in Namibia and if it is not controlled it would keep on increasing exponentially. Thus there is a need for future exploration regarding the factors affecting the rise in price of housing. The present strength of the housing strategy is utilized for connecting hypothetically the recognized activity in the causal loop diagram. The absence of loop acts as a feedback between the entities that distinguishing the range of energy efficiency in housing (MacDonald and Panayotakis 2016). It was proposed that it requires further examination. The average index of the materials required for construction are required to be calculated and the change in the requirement of the housing policy changes the connection of the feedback loops and permits the strategy designers to monitor the importance of the loops in this casual loop diagram. The casual loop diagram is used to exhibit the energy, land costing and the savings that can be made in the energy to increa se the efficiency of the housing (Wilkinson and Langston 2014). The conditions responsible for inflation like the rise in fuel price demand for the increase in the wage of the labor, are also a factor that accounts for the actual inflation. Improvement of generally concurred measurements to depict "quality" as it identifies with both houses and neighborhoods is likewise required. The main work in the project is to build a qualitative model for the housing and the evaluation of the participation of SDM and keeping the current model. A combined process is used for the evaluation that has a reflective view of the stakeholders associated with the project (Mesly and Bouchard 2016). The usefulness of house is evaluated assessing the changes in the work policy and considering the changes that takes place in project. The consciousness of the stakeholders and the priorities of the policy of the government is also evaluated in different interval of time. Small pieces of simulation model are used for the disputed relationship that is tested in a earning environment (Sharifi and Murayama 2013). The simulation model is an effective model for understanding the comparative strength of the feedback loops used in the design and analyzes the behavior to improve the decision making system (Kabir, Sadiq and Tesfamariam 2014). It is an iterative approach of simulation and further refinement is required for the replication of the representative policy that assess the dynamic effect on the policy criteria in future that is shared. The consequences of the dynamic modeling are brought together and the multi criteria decision making allows the stakeholders to outcome the values more explicitly and weighing the options for policy. Selection of the Methodology The system dynamic model is used for the selection of the methodology and involves it in the industry, academic, community and stakeholder policy that can explore the effects dynamically on the policy realistically in Namibia (Chaskin, Khare and Joseph 2012). The following characteristics should be consisted to SDM of the complex system. Inclusion of the interacting variables that can change according to time. The key driver of the behavior of the system and the pattern of interaction according to time. The interaction of the different variables is differentiated by strengthening loops that amplifies the system patterns dynamically consisting of balancing and behavior feedback loops (Hill 2016). Gathering of the stock that includes the information of the people, and the material resources and characterize the complexity of the system. The most important component is the time of a complex system and it causes an impact on the change in the variables at different rates and affects the relationship creating long and short term effect on the policy (Kolaja 2015). A general heuristic for the SDM approach uses the iteration that moves the desired outcomes for understanding the problems relating to the outcomes, development of the dynamic model of simulation, qualitative representation of the structure of the system, policy design and experimentation of the scenario (Standing 2014). Application of the Methodology We drew closer a sum of 52 associations and offices. More than 50 partners were enlisted, speaking to 37 associations. These contains 6 national government offices; 5 delegates as of neighborhood government; a gathering of 6 minority background of housing pioneers (group of back ground team); 14 non-government associations, 5 industry associations; and 8 scholarly organizations. A few stakeholders consist of more than one segment. Distinctive individuals from the partner gathering were spoken to amid the meeting stage and at the workshops (Ahmed 2015). The associations taking an interest at every stages have been recorded to exhibit the cooperation level and changing the members after a time interval. To identify and enroll the minority background housing activists there was a need of sustained effort for a greater amount of time. The gathering of 6 members met up taking after the principal workshop. We met 33 members crosswise over nationwide and nearby administration, construction, non-governmental associations, housing ventures and scholastic exploration. Among them 26 of the stakeholders worked in the primary workshop and a covering group of 26 who took an interest in the second workshop. In the middle of the two littler gatherings were met to pick up the particular contribution of the group roots bunch, which was gone to by six and five individuals, separately. Analysis and Results Ten principle topics were recognized as an aftereffect of the topical examination. These are portrayed, alongside their sub-subjects, in Table 1, which additionally depicts how frequently these topics were distinguished over every one of the meetings ("commonness") (Stewart 2015). The subjects secured parts of the physical way of houses; and describes the activities of the house that are assembled to create groups and with regards to other area utilizes; the connections amongst housing and more extensive frameworks, for example, demographics, property, urban arranging and work markets; and the impact of these on the members developments of prosperity as a thought (Duke and Thom 2014). The most normally and profoundly talked about topic identified with impacts on the vitality proficiency of houses. The strength of this topic mirrors the present Namibian arrangement that concentrates on housing, and maybe obvious given the members' learning about the provenance of the examination (Kabi r, Sadiq and Tesfamariam 2014). More astounding is the significance of the members set on neighborhoods and social prosperity, which is the second most usually examined topic from the meetings. Figure 1: Summary of model development process (Source: Created by author) Figure 2: Overview of the themes used in organizing the house, energy and wellbeing (Source: Created by author) Figure 3: Community connection and the physical quality of neighborhoods (Source: Created by author) The above casual loop diagrams represents the interaction between the variables that shows the analyses trend in the housing systems. The variables acts as a level for the measurement in respect to time while some of them also act as rates that affect the system. The connection between the variables are done using arrow or causal link and they combine to form a feedback loop. The feedback loops can be clockwise or anticlockwise, the clock wise loops are used to represent the effect on the system and how it would respond according to the time. The clock wise loop can reinforce the system and are named R and the anti-clock wise loops are used to balance the system and reduce the effect in respect to time and they are named B. R1: It is the physical quality that makes the peoples staying in the house R2: Actions and connections R3: Empowerment of the community R4: Improvement of the housing and helping the people to stay B1: Bonding unhelpful B2: Prejudice on undermine community organization Conclusion We have built up a far reaching framework model connecting housing, strength and poverty of the Namibian people to afford the housing. The system dynamic model is used to analyze the housing market in Namibia. Gathering different data of the Namibian market it can be concluded that high subsidies of the government are resulting in the increase in the price of the houses. But it does not effect on the increase in the nominal wage of the local workers and that leads to the decrease in the real wage. Thus it is recommended that the subsidies provided to the real estate developers should be decreased in the upcoming years to keep down the inflation and decrease the pricing of the house such that the people can afford it. Besides, the convenience of participatory SDM is discussed in the report and a communitarian learning procedure to encourage enhanced policymaking for housing. It can also coordinate a wide scope of results crosswise over prosperity, social and wellbeing value, and ecolo gical manageability. Further work is expected to accept the model, incorporate renovations to investigate future strategy alternatives and join SDM with other arrangement evaluation instruments, and additionally techniques to encourage shifts in the applied systems supporting approach, that would be essential for more beneficial more economical housing. References Ahmed, K.G., 2015. Investigating Relevancyof the Traditional Principle of the Right of Appropriation of Open Space and Finain Contemporary Urban Poor Communities in Cairo, Egypt.Journal of Architecture and Urbanism,39(4), pp.260-272. Bernroider, E.W. and Schmllerl, P., 2013. A technological, organisational, and environmental analysis of decision making methodologies and satisfaction in the context of IT induced business transformations.European Journal of Operational Research,224(1), pp.141-153. Chaskin, R., Khare, A. and Joseph, M., 2012. Participation, Deliberation, and Decision Making The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Mixed-Income Developments.Urban Affairs Review,48(6), pp.863-906. Cornforth, C. and Brown, W.A., 2013.Nonprofit governance: Innovative perspectives and approaches. Routledge. Duke, K. and Thom, B., 2014. The role of evidence and the expert in contemporary processes of governance: The case of opioid substitution treatment policy in England.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(5), pp.964-971. Gauja, A., 2015. The individualisation of party politics: The impact of changing internal decision-making processes on policy development and citizen engagement.The British Journal of Politics and International Relations,17(1), pp.89-105. Hill, R.L., 2016. Factors Affecting College Choice and Transfer: A Study of the Decision-Making Process of Student Veterans. Hollihan, T.A. and Baaske, K.T., 2015.Arguments and arguing: The products and process of human decision making. Waveland Press. Humphrey, S., 2014. In the Crosshairs: The Role of the Local State in a Contemporary Process of Neighborhood Redevelopment in Central Illinois.Critical Planning,21(1). Jacobs, K. and Manzi, T., 2013. New localism, old retrenchment: The Big Society, housing policy and the politics of welfare reform.Housing, Theory and Society,30(1), pp.29-45. Kabir, G., Sadiq, R. and Tesfamariam, S., 2014. A review of multi-criteria decision-making methods for infrastructure management.Structure and Infrastructure Engineering,10(9), pp.1176-1210. Khrik, A., Leetmaa, K. and Tammaru, T., 2012. Residential decision-making and satisfaction among new suburbanites in the Tallinn urban region, Estonia.Cities,29(1), pp.49-58. Kolaja, J., 2015.A Polish factory: a case study of workers' participation in decision making. University Press of Kentucky. MacDonald, S.P. and Panayotakis, C., 2016. Insatiability and Crisis: Using Interdisciplinarity to Understand (And Denaturalize) Contemporary Humans. InInterdisciplinary Pedagogy for STEM(pp. 37-55). Palgrave Macmillan US. Mesly, O. and Bouchard, S., 2016. Predatory-Prey Decision Making During Market BubblesPreliminary Evidence from a Neurobiological Study.Journal of Behavioral Finance,17(3), pp.293-308. Mulliner, E., Smallbone, K. and Maliene, V., 2013. An assessment of sustainable housing affordability using a multiple criteria decision making method.Omega,41(2), pp.270-279. Shapiro, J.P. and Stefkovich, J.A., 2016.Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Sharifi, A. and Murayama, A., 2013. Changes in the traditional urban form and the social sustainability of contemporary cities: A case study of Iranian cities.Habitat International,38, pp.126-134. Sharma, R., Mithas, S. and Kankanhalli, A., 2014. Transforming decision-making processes: a research agenda for understanding the impact of business analytics on organisations.European Journal of Information Systems,23(4), pp.433-441. Sidle, R.C., Benson, W.H., Carriger, J.F. and Kamai, T., 2013. Broader perspective on ecosystem sustainability: Consequences for decision making.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(23), pp.9201-9208. Standing, M., 2014.Clinical Judgement and Decision Making for Nursing Students. Learning Matters. Stewart, M.G., 2015. Risk and economic viability of housing climate adaptation strategies for wind hazards in southeast Australia.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,20(4), pp.601-622. Verschuere, B. and De Corte, J., 2014. The impact of public resource dependence on the autonomy of NPOs in their strategic decision making.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,43(2), pp.293-313. Wilkinson, S.J. and Langston, C., 2014.Sustainable building adaptation: innovations in decision-making. John Wiley Sons.

Stakeholders and Communications-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthlep.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Management on Stakeholders and Communication. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of this literature review has been to highlight the project management on stakeholders and communications. The knowledge areas and gaps are required to be identified. The project management has been a rising area utilized by businesses irrespective of their sizes. The company executives and entrepreneurs have been dealing with the responsibilities to manage an organization. Hence it has been vital to utilize dedicated Project Managers for looking over the projects from the conception till completion. Mostly academic references are used here with some non-academic resources. The stakeholder analysis has been analyzing and collecting qualitative and quantitative data to find the find whose interests must be considered all over the project. The communication on the other hand has lead to the cooperation that lead in coordinating project harmony and finally in the project success. The literature review has identified trends, themes, strengths and weaknesses of the project management on stakeholders and communications. It has addressed the main implications of the outcomes. Various gaps in knowledge are also determined. Discussion on project management on stakeholders and communications Critical analysis of the published resources in the field: According to Inauen and Schoeneborn (2014), the stakeholder management incorporates the approaches necessary for identifying the organizations, groups and people. This has been affecting and affected through the project. This has been analyzing the expectations of the stakeholders, their influence on project and developing proper tactics and strategies. This has been done to effectively engage the stakeholders in the way proper to the involvement and interest of the stakeholders in the project. It has been understood from the research of Agudo?Valiente, Garcs?Ayerbe and Salvador?Figueras (2015) that the management plan of stakeholders has been helping in assuring that the stakeholders have been efficiently involved in the execution and decision around the project life-cycle. This has been to achieve support for the anticipate resistance and project, competing objectives or conflict among the stakeholders of the project (Mindtools.com, 2017). Scharl et al. (2013), states that the plan of stakeholder management has been involving the identifying stakeholders, planning stakeholder management, managing stakeholder engagement and control stakeholder engagement. Kathleen, Ross and Kriglstein (2014), researched that the management of project communications has been enabling project managers to send the proper messages towards the proper way in the best way possible. The communications is referred to as the adhesive connecting the project stakeholders. The project managers have been needed to follow a process of communication management starting from the project planning till the closeout of the project. This has been allowing them in developing and executing plans of communications. This has been useful to identify the individuals who must receive the complete information regarding the project and the communications that are role-specific. This has been enabling them in contributing efficiently to the team (Fast Track Impact, 2017). The project managers have also been assigning roles to communicate proper data and they ought to further indentify when and how the communications are to be delivered. Identification of stakeholders: As said by LeRose et al. (2015), the identification of the stakeholders in the approach to identify every people or companies influenced by the project is to done. There has been also further documenting of relevant data relevant to their impact, involvement and interests on the success of projects. The remember management theory assess the external and internal scenarios also referred to as the mega and task environments. Here the stakeholders are found required for the project. Analyzing of stakeholders: This has been the systematic collection and assessment of quantitative and qualitative data for finding whose interests must be considered throughout the project (Taylor Francis, 2017). Stakeholders and the project lifecycle: According to Cornelissen and Cornelissen (2017), the first phase is the initiating. Here the major stakeholders are determined and their relation with the project is analyzed. Next step is the planning where the stakeholder management plan is done. The primary identification of the stakeholder is expanded. This is done for identifying wide range of supporting with regulatory agencies, business units and others external to the company. In the next step of executing the stakeholder expectations are managed. Lastly the finalizing is done where the reviewing of the effectiveness of stakeholder management is done. Stakeholder management issues: Huang et al. (2014) in their research stated that first of all there is the confusion of roles between the customers and stakeholders. This has led to the decisions created on one or small section of stakeholders. This has been instead of the necessities of the project or project owner. Then the stakeholders are also being under-analyzed. They have the capability to affect and influence the project or benefits of post delivery. Their relationships and powers with the stakeholders and the project are not analyzed properly many times. Moreover according to Korhonen and Kaidalova (2015), the secondary stakeholders are also analyzed. There has been also the failure to harness the stakeholders. The wellness of the stakeholder is required to be harnessed for assisting the project. The negative concerns and attitudes of the stakeholders are required to be addressed. Planning communications: It has been the method to find the necessities of information of project stakeholders as stated by Morrow et al. (2015). It has been also useful in defining the approach of communication. The approach has been reacting to the communication and information necessities of the stakeholders (Driessen et al., 2017). For instance, which person requires what, its process and timing and through who has been considered here. Baseline changing and control: In the research of Bourne (2016) the approved plan for project and upgrading of the approved changes are considered to be the baseline. The change control is used to identify, document, approve or reflect and control the alterations to the baselines of the project. Examples of the project stakeholders (Hub.globalccsinstitute.com, 2017): Examples of the project stakeholders Internal External Affected by the process of project Stockholders Employees Subject matter experts Project central team Financing source Competing projects Functional managers Project managers Sponsor Owner Competitors Union Taxpayers Media Professional groups Client Neighbours Groups of social interest Agencies of government Creditors Partners Suppliers Affected by the result of project Users Sponsor Internal customer Social Interest Groups Public Client Regarding the outcomes of the analyzing of stakeholders some points are found. It has set clear-cut direction. It has prioritized objectives. It recognized complicated consequences and trade-offs. It facilitated required decisions. This helped in developing a risk of shared sense. It has built hard relationship with the customers. It has led with the style of empowerment. Finally it has delivered as the good stewards of the resources. Strengths and weaknesses of the literature: The strengths of this research are that it would help the stakeholders to have definite insight into the problems. The literature would help to protect the resources and assist the managers to make decisions of their project. It would also help to raise the transparency and lead to effective decision making. However, there are certain drawbacks of the literature. However, it does not talk about the involvement of the stakeholders. This has been required for the establishment of accountability in the settings of supervisory. The report moreover does not talk about the advices to be taken from the stakeholders. This could result in distrusting and hampering of model. Major implications of the outcomes: Regarding the outcomes of the analyzing of stakeholders some points are found. It has set clear-cut direction. It has prioritized objectives. It recognized complicated consequences and trade-offs. It facilitated required decisions. This helped in developing a risk of shared sense. It has built hard relationship with the customers. It has led with the style of empowerment. Finally it has delivered as the good stewards of the resources. The gaps in knowledge: The stakeholder engagement takes proper planning. The gaps could be identified while going for quality input through rise in unrealistic demands. The stakeholders are needed to be selected carefully who possess vested interest in the project or the decision making procedure. The process is needed to be outlined before time and it must be shared with the participants. Planning communications: It has been the method to find the necessities of information of project stakeholders. It has been also useful in defining the approach of communication. The approach has been reacting to the communication and information necessities of the stakeholders. For instance, which person requires what, its process and timing and through who has been considered here. Plan communication Table is shown hereafter. Stakeholder Data Communication meeting Frequency Format Manager of IT Technology issues, progress at tactical and operational level, resourcing Formal meeting or e-mailing Weekly Formal meeting agenda Project Team Issues, progress, risks, plans, solution approach, schedule Formal meeting Weekly Formal meeting agenda Steering committee Issue escalation, schedule changes, plans, deviations, high level data Formal meeting Monthly Power-point, pre-reading a couple of days before meeting. Business manager Resourcing, baseline changes, progress and signoff of business requirements Formal meeting or e-mailing Weekly Formal meeting agenda Conclusion: The review stated that taking the interests and concerns about stakeholders into the account the business relationships could be improved. This would make the company easier for operating. This would lead to the concepts of services or products that would address the necessities of the stakeholders. This would also help in deducing the expenses and maximizes the values. The gaps could be identified setting clear time-frames such that the input never turns limitless. It must be directing towards the final outcome. Efficient stakeholder engagement has been built over efficient communications. The project manager requires encouraging the helpful contributions from stakeholders without any loss of control from the project. Lastly, it can be concluded that the planning of stakeholder engagement must be done such a way that it stays advantageous to the organization. The stakeholder and communication engagement helps any company to compete with their rivals on changing and complicated clima tes of business. References: Agudo?Valiente, J.M., Garcs?Ayerbe, C. and Salvador?Figueras, M., 2015. Corporate social performance and stakeholder dialogue management.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(1), pp.13-31. Bourne, L., 2016.Stakeholder relationship management: a maturity model for organisational implementation. CRC Press. Cornelissen, J. and Cornelissen, J.P., 2017.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Driessen, P., Kok, R., Hillebrand, B., Driessen, P., Paul, M., Kok, R., Robert, M., Hillebrand, B. and Bas, M. (2017).Considerations on Bringing Virtual Stakeholder Dialogue into Organizations - Non Profit News For Nonprofit Organizations | Nonprofit Quarterly. [online] Non Profit News For Nonprofit Organizations | Nonprofit Quarterly. Available at: https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2016/05/23/considerations-bringing-virtual-stakeholder-dialogue-organizations/ [Accessed 14 Jun. 2017]. Fast Track Impact. (2017).Fast Track Impact. [online] Available at: https://www.fasttrackimpact.com/graduate-schools [Accessed 14 Jun. 2017]. Huang, J.T., Bergmann, M., Brinkmann, C., Rdder, S. and Schuck-Zller, S., 2014. Transdisciplinary communication and stakeholder integration in climate change adaptation-a systematic literature review. In14th EMS/10th ECAC. Hub.globalccsinstitute.com. (2017).Establishing a Communication and Engagement Plan | Global CCS Institute. [online] Available at: https://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/communication-and-engagement-toolkit-ccs-projects/establishing-communication-and [Accessed 14 Jun. 2017]. Inauen, S. and Schoeneborn, D., 2014. Twitter and its usage for dialogic stakeholder communication by MNCs and NGOs. InCommunicating Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives and Practice(pp. 283-310). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Kathleen, N., Ross, B. and Kriglstein, S., 2014, January. Storyboard augmentation of process model grammars for stakeholder communication. InInformation Visualization Theory and Applications (IVAPP), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 114-121). IEEE. Korhonen, J. and Kaidalova, J., 2015. Enterprise Modeling Facilitating Business and IT Alignment Along the Social Dimension: Stakeholder intentions for model-based communication and coordination. In17th IEEE Conference on Business Informatics, CBI 2015; Lisbon; Portugal; 13 July 2015 through 16 July 2015; Category numberE5549; Code 118116(Vol. 2, pp. 1-8). LeRose, G., Steidel, R., Bradley, P., Bourne, H., Blanchard, C. and Mitchell, S., 2015. The Crucial Importance of Stakeholder Communication in Integrated Planning: Lessons From Richmond.Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation,2015(15), pp.3325-3335. Mindtools.com. (2017).Stakeholder Management: Planning Stakeholder Communication. [online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_08.htm [Accessed 14 Jun. 2017]. Morrow, B.H., Lazo, J.K., Rhome, J. and Feyen, J., 2015. Improving storm surge risk communication: Stakeholder perspectives.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,96(1), pp.35-48. Scharl, A., Hubmann-Haidvogel, A., Sabou, M., Weichselbraun, A. and Lang, H.P., 2013. From Web Intelligence to Knowledge Co-Creation: A Platform for Analyzing and Supporting Stakeholder Communication.IEEE Internet Computing,17(5), pp.21-29. Taylor Francis. (2017).Science Communication and Stakeholder Expertise: Insights from Sustainability Science. [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17524032.2017.1308408 [Accessed 14 Jun. 2017].