Sunday, August 4, 2019
What is a child Essay -- essays research papers
What is a Child? Discuss how a scientific, a social constructionist and an applied approach attempt to answer this question. This essay will attempt to discuss how sociologists have attempted to answer the question. Childhood is viewed differently, depending on the country being considered, the period of time being studied or a personal viewpoint. According to the UN convention, a child is anybody under the age of eighteen. Several studies have been undertaken by sociologists to examine childhood. This essay will attempt to discuss three major approaches: 1) a scientific approach tries to study this objectively by observation and experimentation to prove a theory. This essay will discuss Kohlberg’s theory of â€Å"Moral development†. It will not include Piaget’s theory as Kohlberg’s theory used Paiget’s theory as a building block to his theory. 2) A social constructionist approach studies this by exploring social and cultural beliefs. The two discourses are the Romantic and Puritan discourses. 3) And an applied approach draws on both the scientific and social construction ist theories and uses the studies to understand the practicalities of Children’s rights through law, policies, and professional practices and the children themselves. The models used are the justice and the welfare model. The Scientific theory researches and endeavours to establish objective facts by using experimentation and observation. It follows mainly three stages of activities, 1) forming a concept that explains the facets of child development. 2) Formulates predictions from these concepts and then finally 3) tests these predictions through research, explanation and assessments. One such scientist was Kohlberg and his theory of Moral development. Kohlberg based his ideas on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. He categorised these into three main levels with two stages at each level. †¢Ã‚     PRECONVENTIONAL 1.     Punishment – obedience – When you do wrong you are punished and when you obey you are rewarded 2.     Self-gratification – Doing good or bad is to do with satisfying your requirements †¢Ã‚     CONVENTIONAL 1.     Interpersonal concordance - being good is about being loyal to people who love and care for you. 2.     Law and ... ...es offer insight into the complex question of what is a child? But no single approach can be used independently into answering the question. Although the first two studies are linked and use research, theory and studies of growing, development, and socio-economic status and culture, the third is not a distinctive academic method. Where the Scientific approach endeavours to give simplicity and direction to professionals, the Social Constructionist tries not to reduce childhood simply to stages of development and the applied uses the both the above approaches to tackle the reality of childhood. The question itself means diverse things to different people male and female. The answer can be distinct depending on the society, cultural background, traditional beliefs and the various points in history. Word Score – 1378 words References Open University – Book 1 Childhood, Woolfolk, A. E. (1993). Educational Psychology. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Gillian, C. (1982) In a different Voice; Psychology Theory and Women’s Development, Cambridge (Mass), Harvard University Press. Asquith, S (1996) ‘When Children kill children: the search for justice’, Childhood,3(1) pp.99-116
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